Voiced palatal implosive
| Voiced palatal implosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʄ | |||
| IPA number | 164 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʄ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0284 | ||
| X-SAMPA | J\_< | ||
| Braille | |||
| |||
A voiced palatal implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ʄ ⟩. Typographically, the IPA symbol is a dotless lowercase letter j with a horizontal stroke that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter f (the symbol for the voiced palatal stop) and a rightward hook (the diacritic for implosives). A very similar-looking letter, ⟨ ƒ ⟩ (an ⟨f⟩ with a tail), is used in Ewe for /ɸ/.
Features
Features of a voiced palatal implosive:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fula[1] | jetugol | [ʄetugol] | 'to take' | ||
| Konso[2] | japjap | [ʄapʄap] | ‘to rot/decay completely’ | ||
| Serer[3] | ʃaar | [ʄaːɾ] | 'to have ringworm' | Written as ⟨ݖ⟩ in the Arabic script and as ⟨ʃ⟩ in Latin script. Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/. | |
| Somali[4] | Maay Maay | ||||
| Swahili | jana | [ʄana] | 'yesterday' | In free variation with /dʒ/ | |
| Saraiki | ڄاݨݨ | [ʄä̃ːɳəɳ] | 'know' | ||
| Sindhi | ڄِڀَ | ⓘ | 'tongue' | ||
| Tunni[5] | [ʄoːɡ] | 'to stay' | |||
| Wu[6][7] | Fengxian | 家 (cia1) | [ʄiɑ˥˧] | 'domestic' | literary reading |
Post-palatal (pre-velar) implosive
| Voiced post-palatal or pre-velar implosive | |
|---|---|
| ʄ˗ | |
| ɠ˖ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
There is also a voiced post-palatal (or pre-velar) implosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for this sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʄ̠⟩/⟨ʄ˗⟩[a] or ⟨ɠ̟⟩/⟨ɠ˖⟩.[b]
Features
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants. Palatalized velar consonants may be the same, but "palatalized" may also simply mean a palatal approximant-like release.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ndebele | Northern[8] | sisibekelo | [sisiβɛɠ̟ɛlɔ] | 'lid' | Velar before back vowels; 'pre-velar' before front vowels.[8] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Keer (1999:82)
- ^ Orkaydo, Ongaye Oda (2013). A Grammar of Konso. p. 11.
- ^ Mc Laughlin (2005:204)
- ^ Paster, Mary (2006). Aspects of Maay phonology and morphology. Pomona College.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Tosco (1997:15)
- ^ Zhu, Xiaonong (2006). "內爆音" [On Implosives]. 方言 [Fangyan] (1). Beijing: 16–21.
- ^ "吳語學堂" [Wugniu]. 27 February 2024.
- ^ a b Wilkes, A. (2001). "Northern and Southern Ndebele—Why harmonisation will not work". South African Journal of African Languages. 21 (3–4). doi:10.1080/02572117.2001.10587480. The source mentions it, which will be highlighted here: "The voiced velar implosive phoneme [ɠ] (written as k in the normal orthography as for instance in (7) below) which occurs in no other Nguni language than in Northern Ndebele. It is not known when and where Northern Ndebele has acquired this sound which occurs as a velar implosive before the back vowels /u/, /o/ and /a/ respectively and as a pre-velar implosive /ɠy/ (also written as gy in (7)) before front vowels."
References
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X(subscription required)
- Keer, Edward (1999), Geminates, The OCP and The Nature of CON, Rutgers University
- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014(subscription required)
- Tosco, Mauro (1997), Af Tunni: Grammar, texts, and glossary of a southern Somali dialect, Rüdiger Köppe, ISBN 3896450603