Open back rounded vowel

Open back rounded vowel
ɒ
IPA number313
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɒ
Unicode (hex)U+0252
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IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called Latin turned alpha being a rotated version of Latin alpha. It seems a "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Latin turned alpha a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha a ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.

Features

  • Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard[2] daar [dɒːr] 'there' Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Assamese কৰ (kor) [kɒ̹ɹ] 'to do' An "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[3] May also be transcribed [ɔ].
Bulgarian Some Rhodopean dialects мъж (măž) [ˈmɒʃʲ] 'man' Found as the unification of the Proto-Slavic *ǫ, *ę, *ъ and *ь. Standard Bulgarian has /ɤ̞/ for *ǫ and *ъ and /ɛ/ for *ę and *ь.
Dutch Some dialects[4] bot [bɒt] 'bone' Some non-Randstad dialects,[4] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch.
English South African[5] not [nɒ̜̈t] 'not' Near-back and weakly rounded.[5] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[5] See South African English phonology
Conservative Received Pronunciation[6] [nɒt] Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. It is proposed that the /ɒ/ vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a rounded vowel, is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of sulcality.[7] See English phonology
Northern English[8] May be somewhat raised and fronted.[8]
Canadian[9] Lot and thought have the same vowel in Canadian English; see cot–caught merger.
thought [θɒt]ⓘ 'thought'
General American Vowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP). However, "Short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ].
Inland Northern American[10] See Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Indian[11] [t̪ʰɒʈ] /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English.
Welsh[12][13] [θɒːt] Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects.
German Many speakers[14] Gourmand [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː] 'gourmand' Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[14] See Standard German phonology
Many Swiss dialects[15] maane [ˈmɒːnə] 'remind' The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[16]
Istro-Romanian[17] cåp [kɒp] 'head' See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian).
Jeju[18] ᄒᆞ나 (haona) [hɒna] 'one' See Jeju phonology
Malay Kedah tua [tu.ɒ] 'old' Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of /a/ in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop /ʔ/ or a glottal fricative /h/.
Mansi Central/Northern ам [ɒm] 'me' The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between /ɒ/ and /o/.
Neapolitan[19] Vastese uâʃtə [uˈwɒʃtə] 'Vasto'
Norwegian Dialects along the Swedish border[20] hat [hɒ̜ːt] 'hate' Weakly rounded and fully back.[20] See Norwegian phonology
Persian ف‍‍ارسی (fârsi) [fɒːɾˈsiː] 'Persian'
Brazilian Portuguese Carioca ova [ˈɒːva] 'fish roe' Allophone of /ɔ/. See Portuguese phonology
Slovak Some speakers[21] a [ɒ] 'and' Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[21] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Gothenburg[22] jag [jɒːɡ] 'I' More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[22]
Uzbek Standard[23] choy [t͡ʃɒj] 'tea'

Near-open back rounded vowel

Near-open back rounded vowel
ɒ̝
ɔ̞

In some languages there is the near-open back rounded vowel (a sound between cardinal ⟨ɒ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩), which can be transcribed in IPA with [ɒ̝] or [ɔ̞].

Features

  • Its vowel height is near-open, also known as near-low, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but is slightly more constricted – that is, the tongue is positioned similarly to a low vowel, but slightly higher.
  • Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
  • Its place of articulation is pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx).
  • It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan Balearic (except Ibizan)[24][25] dones [ˈd̪ɒ̝nəs̺] 'women' Main realization of /ɔ/ (also represented as /ɒ/). May be unrounded [ɑ] in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See Catalan phonology
Valencian[24][25][26] [ˈd̪ɒ̝nes̺]
corda [ˈkɒ̝ɾðɒ̝̈] 'rope' Final unstressed /a/ (usually involving vowel harmony). Can be realized as either unrounded and/or fronted. See Catalan phonology
Dutch Leiden[27] bad [bɒ̝t] 'bath' Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[27] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch.
Rotterdam[27]
Hungarian Standard[28] magyar [ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r] 'Hungarian' Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[29] See Hungarian phonology
Ibibio[30] dọ [dɒ̝́] 'marry' Near-open;[30] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
Irish Ulster[31] ólann [ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ] '(he) drinks' Near-open;[31] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
Lehali[32] dön̄ [ⁿdɒ̝ŋ] 'yam' Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[32]
Lemerig[33] ‘ān̄sār [ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r] 'person' Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[33]
Limburgish Maastrichtian[34] plaots [plɒ̝ːts] 'place' Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[34] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects.
Norwegian Urban East[35][36] topp [tʰɒ̝pː] 'top' Near-open,[35][36] also described as close-mid back [o].[37] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[38][22] ska [s̪kɒ̝͑ː]ⓘ 'be going to' Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[38] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology
Yoruba[39] itọju [itɒ̝ju] 'care' Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
  3. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
  4. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
  5. ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 115.
  6. ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
  7. ^ Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. p. 124.
  8. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  9. ^ Boberg (2004), p. 359.
  10. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
  11. ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
  12. ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
  13. ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
  14. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
  15. ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
  16. ^ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
  17. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  18. ^ Yang, Changyong; Yang, Sejung; O'Grady, William (2020). Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7443-8.
  19. ^ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  20. ^ a b Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
  21. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
  22. ^ a b c Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
  23. ^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
  24. ^ a b Recasens (1996), pp. 130–131.
  25. ^ a b Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  26. ^ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
  27. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
  28. ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
  29. ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
  30. ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
  31. ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
  32. ^ a b François (2011), p. 194.
  33. ^ a b François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
  34. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
  35. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
  36. ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
  37. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
  38. ^ a b Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
  39. ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.

References

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