Frogmouth

This article is about the family of birds. For the helmet, see frog-mouth helm.

Frogmouths
Tawny frogmouth, at night
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Clade: Vanescaves
Order: Podargiformes
Matthews, 1918
Family: Podargidae
Gray, 1847
Genera

The frogmouths (Podargidae) are a group of nocturnal birds related to owlet-nightjars, swifts, and hummingbirds. Species in the group are distributed in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms.

Biology

They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to capture insects. The three Podargus species are large frogmouths restricted to Australia and New Guinea, that have massive flat broad bills. They are known to take larger prey, such as small vertebrates (frogs, mice, etc.), which are sometimes beaten against a stone before swallowing.[1] The ten Batrachostomus frogmouths are found in tropical Asia. They have smaller, more rounded bills and are predominantly insectivorous. Both Podargus and Batrachostomus have bristles around the base of the bill, and Batrachostomus has other, longer bristles which may exist to protect the eyes from insect prey.[1] In April 2007, a new species of frogmouth was described from the Solomon Islands and placed in a newly established genus, Rigidipenna.[2]

Their flight is weak. They rest horizontally on branches during the day, camouflaged by their cryptic plumage. Through convergent evolution as night hunters, they resemble owls, with large front-facing eyes.

Up to three white eggs are laid in the fork of a branch, and are incubated by the female at night and the male in the day.

Taxonomy

DNA-DNA hybridisation studies had suggested that the two frogmouth groups may not be as closely related as previously thought, and that the Asian species may be separable as a new family, the Batrachostomidae.[3][4] Although frogmouths were formerly included in the order Caprimulgiformes, a 2019 study estimated the divergence between Podargus and Batrachostomus to between 30 and 50 mya and forming a clade well separated from the nightjars and being a sister group of the swifts, hummingbirds, and owlet-nightjars. The name Podargiformes proposed in 1918 by Gregory Mathews was reinstated for the clade.[5]

Species

  • Genus Podargus
  • Genus Batrachostomus
  • Genus Rigidipenna

In culture

In a journal article published in April 2021, researchers Katja Thömmes and Gregor Hayn-Leichsenring from the Experimental Aesthetics group at the University Hospital Jena, Germany, found the frogmouth to be the most "instagrammable" type of bird.[6] Using an algorithm to analyze the aesthetic appeal of more than 27,000 bird photographs on Instagram, they found that photos depicting frogmouths received the highest number of likes relative to the posts' exposure to users. The journal article was picked up by several news outlets, including The New York Times and The Guardian.[7]

Summary of extant species

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Large frogmouth Batrachostomus auritus unknown[8] VU[8] [8] Although population is unknown, species is listed as Vulnerable due to rapid deforestation across its known range.[8]
Gould's frogmouth Batrachostomus stellatus unknown[9] NT[9] [9]
Solomons frogmouth Rigidipenna inexpectata 1,500 - 7,000[10] NT[10] [10] Estimate given is for population of mature individuals. Total population is estimated to be 2,500-9,999 individuals.[10]
Sunda frogmouth Batrachostomus cornutus unknown[11] LC[11] [11]
Dulit frogmouth Batrachostomus harterti unknown[12] LC[12] [12]
Hodgson's frogmouth Batrachostomus hodgsoni unknown[13] LC[13] [13]
Javan frogmouth

(Horsfield's frogmouth)

Batrachostomus javensis unknown[14] LC[14] [14] The IOC splits two additional species, Blyth's frogmouth (B. affinis) and Palawan frogmouth (B. chaseni) from this sepcies.[15]

IUCN/BirdLife International maintain all three species under B. javaensis.[16]

Bornean frogmouth Batrachostomus mixtus unknown[17] LC[17] [17]
Sri Lanka frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger unknown[18] LC[18] [18]
Sumatran frogmouth Batrachostomus poliolophus > 10,000[19] LC[19] [19] Population value given is a very rough estimate, extrapolated from the large availability of suitable habitat on Sumatra.[19]
Philippine frogmouth Batrachostomus septimus unknown[20] LC[20] [20]
Marbled frogmouth Podargus ocellatus unknown[21] LC[21] [21]
Papuan frogmouth Podargus papuensis unknown[22] LC[22] [22]
Tawny frogmouth Podargus strigoides unknown[23] LC[23] [23]

References

  1. ^ a b Perrins, Christopher (2003). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. p. 342. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
  2. ^ Cleere; et al. (2007). "A new genus of frogmouth (Podargidae) from the Solomon Islands – results from a taxonomic review of Podargus ocellatus inexpectatus Hartert 1901". Ibis. 149 (2): 271–286. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00626.x.
  3. ^ Sibley, Charles G.; Alquist, John E.; Monroe Jr., Burt L. (July 1988). "A Classification of the Living Birds of the World Based on Dna-Dna Hybridization Studies" (PDF). The Auk. 105 (3): 409–423. doi:10.1093/auk/105.3.409. JSTOR 4087435.
  4. ^ Mayr, G (2002). "Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies)" (PDF). Journal für Ornithologie. 143 (1): 82–97. doi:10.1007/bf02465461. ISSN 0021-8375. S2CID 42119957.
  5. ^ Chen, Albert; White, Noor D.; Benson, Roger B.J.; Braun, Michael J.; Field, Daniel J. (2019). "Total-Evidence Framework Reveals Complex Morphological Evolution in Nightbirds (Strisores)". Diversity. 11 (9): 143. doi:10.3390/d11090143.
  6. ^ Thömmes, Katja; Hayn-Leichsenring, Gregor (2021-03-01). "What Instagram Can Teach Us About Bird Photography: The Most Photogenic Bird and Color Preferences". i-Perception. 12 (2) 20416695211003585. doi:10.1177/20416695211003585. ISSN 2041-6695. PMC 8073730. PMID 33996019.
  7. ^ Waller, Allyson (2021-04-29). "This 'Angry' Bird Is the Most Photogenic, Research Finds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
  8. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2023). "Batrachostomus auritus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22689591A224168266. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22689591A224168266.en.
  9. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2021). "Batrachostomus stellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T22689600A203594116. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22689600A203594116.en.
  10. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2023). "Rigidipenna inexpectata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22734967A219284897. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22734967A219284897.en.
  11. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2025). "Batrachostomus cornutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22689630A280901655. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22689630A280901655.en.
  12. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2023). "Batrachostomus harterti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22689594A231311672. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22689594A231311672.en.
  13. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Batrachostomus hodgsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22689607A130166556. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22689607A130166556.en.
  14. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Batrachostomus javensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22727987A263956185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22727987A263956185.en.
  15. ^ "Nightjars, Oilbird, potoos, frogmouths – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2026-03-11.
  16. ^ BirdLife International (2025). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International Digital Checklist of the Birds of the World: Version 10.
  17. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2023). "Batrachostomus mixtus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22689613A220964885. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22689613A220964885.en.
  18. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Batrachostomus moniliger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22689603A263677860.
  19. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2023). "Batrachostomus poliolophus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023 e.T22689610A224133663.
  20. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Batrachostomus septimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22689597A264065596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22689597A264065596.en.
  21. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Podargus ocellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22736125A263966847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22736125A263966847.en.
  22. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Podargus papuensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22689583A264070237. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22689583A264070237.en.
  23. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2024). "Podargus strigoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22689580A253969296. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22689580A253969296.en.
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