YInMn Blue

YInMn Blue
 
YInMn Blue powdered pigment
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet#306AC0
sRGBB (r, g, b)(48, 106, 192)
HSV (h, s, v)(216°, 75%, 75%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(45, 80, 255°)
Source[1][2][a]
ISCC–NBS descriptorDeep blue
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
YInMn Blue
Crystal structure of YInMn Blue
Identification
FormulaYIn1−xMnxO3
Crystal systemHexagonal
Crystal symmetryP63cm
Unit cella = 6.24 Å; c = 12.05 Å
ColorLight to dark blue

YInMn Blue (/jɪnmɪn/; for the chemical symbols Y for yttrium, In for indium, and Mn for manganese), also known as Oregon Blue or Mas Blue, is an inorganic blue pigment.

Structure

The compound has a unique crystal structure in which trivalent manganese ions in the trigonal bipyramidal coordination are responsible for the observed intense blue color. Since the initial discovery, the fundamental principles of colour science have been explored extensively, resulting in a wide range of rationally designed novel green, purple, and orange pigments, all through intentional addition of a chromophore in the trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment.[3][4]

Inorganic blue pigments in which manganese (in the pentavalent oxidation state and in a tetrahedral coordination) is the chromophore have been employed since the Middle Ages (e.g., the fossil bone odontolite, which is isostructural to the apatite structure).[5][6] Synthetic alternatives, such as barium manganate sulfate (or Manganese Blue, developed in 1907 and patented in 1935), have been phased out industrially due to safety and regulatory concerns,[7][8] hence YInMn Blue fills the niche of an inorganic, environmentally safe alternative to the traditionally used blue pigments, and offers a durable intense blue color.[1]

Discovery

Mas Subramanian and Andrew E. Smith discovered YInMn Blue in 2009.[1][9] The pigment is noteworthy for its vibrant, near-perfect blue color and unusually high near-infrared reflectance.[2] . Because of Subramanian's experience at DuPont, he recognized the compound's potential use as a blue pigment and together they filed a patent disclosure covering the invention.

Properties and preparation

The pigment is noteworthy for its vibrant, near-perfect blue color and unusually high NIR reflectance.[1][2] The color may be adjusted by varying the In/Mn ratio in the pigment's base formula of YIn1−xMnxO3, but the bluest pigment, YIn0.8Mn0.2O3, has a color comparable to standard cobalt blue CoAl2O4 pigments.[2] YInMn Blue is chemically stable, does not fade and is non-toxic. It is more durable than alternative blue pigments such as ultramarine or Prussian blue, retaining its vibrant color in oil and water, and is safer than cobalt blue, which is a suspected carcinogen and may cause cobalt poisoning.[10]

The pigment is resistant to acids such as nitric acid, and is difficult to combust. When YInMn Blue does ignite, it burns a violet color attributed to the indium atoms.[11]

Infrared radiation is strongly reflected by YInMn Blue, which makes this pigment suitable for energy-saving, cool coatings.[12] It can be prepared by heating the oxides of the elements yttrium, indium, and manganese to a temperature of approximately 1,200 °C (2,200 °F).[13]

The name "YInMn" comes from the chemical symbols for yttrium, indium and manganese. The intense blue color can be varied by adjusting the indium : manganese ratio. A range of novel green, purple, and orange pigments have been produced.[2][3][4]

Commercialization

Shepherd Color Company, AMD, Crayola, and other have participated in the commercialization.[14][15][15][12][16] AMD announced in July 2016 that the pigment would be used on new Radeon Pro WX and Pro SSG professional GPUs for the energy efficiency that stems from its near-infrared reflecting property.[17][18]

The American art supplies company Crayola announced in May 2017 that it planned to replace its retired Dandelion color (a yellow) with a new color "inspired by" YInMn. The new color does not contain any YInMn.[16] Crayola held a contest for more pronounceable name ideas, and announced the new color name, "Bluetiful", on 14 September 2017.[19][20][21] The new crayon color was made available in late 2017.

In artists' pigments

In June 2016, an Australian company, Derivan, published experiments using YInMn within their artist range (Matisse acrylics),[22] and subsequently released the pigment for purchase.[16]

As of April 2021, Golden Paints has commercially licensed and sourced the pigment, in the U.S. from Shepherd Color Company. According to Golden, the supply of the raw pigment is extremely limited.[23] Shepherd Color Company received the required environmental and safety approvals to sell the pigment in the U.S. in 2020.[24]

Gamblin Artists Colors made a first Limited Edition batch of YInMn Blue in November 2020.[25]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The color coordinates were obtained from Smith et al. 2016 for the optimal blue pigment, which has the composition YIn0.8Mn0.2O3. The CIELAB coordinates (L = 34.6, a = 9.6, b = −38.9 in table 1) were converted using an online tool.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (2 December 2009). "Mn3+ in Trigonal Bipyramidal Coordination: A New Blue Chromophore". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (47): 17084–17086. doi:10.1021/ja9080666. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 19899792.
  2. ^ a b c d e Smith, Andrew E.; et al. (October 2016). "Spectral properties of the UV absorbing and near-IR reflecting blue pigment, YIn1−xMnxO3". Dyes and Pigments. 133: 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.05.029.
  3. ^ a b Li, Jun & Subramanian, M. A. (April 2019). "Inorganic pigments with transition metal chromophores at trigonal bipyramidal coordination: Y(In,Mn)O3 blues and beyond". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 272: 9–20. Bibcode:2019JSSCh.272....9L. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2019.01.019. S2CID 104373418.
  4. ^ a b Li, Jun; et al. (13 September 2016). "From Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure". Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (19): 9798–9804. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639. PMID 27622607.
  5. ^ "From Fossilised Mastodon Ivory to Gemstone". European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. 2001. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  6. ^ Reiche, Ina; et al. (November 2001). "From mastodon ivory to gemstone: The origin of turquoise color in odontolite". American Mineralogist. 86 (11–12): 1519–1524. Bibcode:2001AmMin..86.1519R. doi:10.2138/am-2001-11-1221. ISSN 0003-004X. S2CID 55240370.
  7. ^ Gettens, Rutherford John & Stout, George Leslie (1966). Painting Materials: A Short Encyclopaedia. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21597-0. OCLC 518445.
  8. ^ "Spotlight on: Manganese Blue". Winsor & Newton. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  9. ^ Cascone, Sarah (20 June 2016). "The Chemist Who Discovered the World's Newest Blue Explains Its Miraculous Properties". Artnet News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020.
  10. ^ Li, Jun; Lorger, Simon; Stalick, Judith K.; Sleight, Arthur W.; Subramanian, M. A. (3 October 2016). "From Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn 3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure". Inorganic Chemistry. 55 (19): 9798–9804. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639. ISSN 0020-1669. PMID 27622607.
  11. ^ Yttrium (new) - Periodic Table of Videos. YouTube. Periodic Videos. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  12. ^ a b Schonbrun, Zach (18 April 2018). "The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color". Bloomberg. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  13. ^ "YInMn blue". ColourLex. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.
  14. ^ "The Story of YInMn Blue". Oregon State University. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  15. ^ a b "Licensing agreement reached on brilliant new blue pigment discovered by happy accident". Oregon State University. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Cascone, Sarah (19 June 2017). "The Wild Blue Yonder: How the Accidental Discovery of an Eye-Popping New Color Changed a Chemist's Life". Artnet. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  17. ^ Carbotte, Kevin (25 July 2016). "Team Red Goes Blue: AMD Announces Radeon Pro WX Series". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  18. ^ "Radeon Pro WX Series and YInMn Blue". YouTube. AMD. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
  19. ^ Bowerman, Mary (5 May 2017). "Crayola's newest crayon color is a shade of blue that was just discovered". USA Today. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  20. ^ Waugh, Rob (16 May 2017). "Chemist finds new shade of blue by mistake (and Crayola is now making a crayon of it)". Metro. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017.
  21. ^ "Crayola names new blue crayon 'Bluetiful' after retiring yellow 'Dandelion'". ABC News. 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Product Profile: Yin Min Blue". YouTube. Derivan. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Update on YInMn Blue from GOLDEN's Custom Lab". 23 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  24. ^ "YINMN = BRILLIANT BLUE".
  25. ^ "Gamblin YInMn Blue". Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
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