Tuba

The tuba (Latin, "trumpet";^[2] UK: /ˈtjuːbə/;^[3] US: /ˈtuːbə/) is a large brass instrument in the bass-to-contrabass range with a wide conical bore. It usually has four or five valves, although some models have three and some have six. It first appeared in 1835 in Prussia as the Baß-Tuba, by adding five valves to a large 12-foot bugle pitched in F. This design provided a fully chromatic contrabass instrument with a deep, full timbre.^[4][5] By the 1850s, Paris instrument designer Adolphe Sax had developed the E♭ and B♭ band tubas with piston valves as part of his saxhorn family, and in the 1870s Václav František Červený in Austria-Hungary developed contrabass tubas in 16′ C and 18′ B♭ with rotary valves.

As with any brass instrument, sound is produced with a lip vibration or "buzz" in the mouthpiece. A person who plays the tuba is called a tubist or tubaist,^[6] or simply a tuba player. In British brass bands and military bands, a tuba player is called a bass player.

The tuba was developed to provide a low-pitched brass instrument suitable for use in the brass sections of bands and orchestras .^[7] Before the emergence of the first valves in the 1820s, unmodified brass instruments like the natural horn or bugle were restricted to a single harmonic series. To expand the selection of notes available, either a slide (as on a trombone) or tone holes (as on a keyed bugle or serpent) were employed.^[8] Each of these options presented a problem for a low-pitched brass instrument. Natural instruments can only produce diatonic or chromatic scales in their high register, bass trombones of that era had long, unwieldy slides with handles, and the timbre of the serpent was often criticized.^[9]

To replace the serpent and its various upright derivatives, the Paris-based maker Jean Hilaire Asté invented the ophicleide in 1817, extending the keyed bugle into the bass register with a folded, bassoon-like form.^[10] It was enough of an improvement to be widely adopted in brass and military bands, and also in French orchestras, most notably by the composer Hector Berlioz.^[11] Although the ophicleide was initially successful, and serpents were still being used in bands and church ensembles, neither instrument could play much below C₂ into the contrabass range.^[11]

Valved ophicleides appeared in the 1820s, soon after the invention of valves. They had the same overall layout as the ophicleide, but had valves instead of keys or tone holes. (German: Ventilophikleide; French: ophicléide à piston or bombardons).^[12][13] The Prussian military bandmaster Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht required an instrument capable of a secure contrabass compass for his bands. He and the Berlin-based instrument maker Johann Gottfried Moritz invented the Baß-Tuba in F (Prussian patent 9121, granted 12 September 1835). It used five Berlinerpumpen valves (forerunners of the modern Périnet piston valves) to provide a chromatic compass down to F₁, its first fundamental or pedal tone.^[14] Berlin valves, invented by Wieprecht two years earlier, were better suited than the earlier Stölzel and Vienna valve designs for the larger bore tubing of these instruments, making the Baß-Tuba the first successful contrabass valved brass instrument.^[15]

In Paris, the instrument maker Adolphe Sax, like Wieprecht, was interested in marketing families of instruments ranging from soprano to bass, and developed his saxhorn series of brass instruments, pitched in E♭ and B♭. Sax's instruments gained dominance in French military bands, and later in Britain and America. Their widespread success was a result of some popular instrument makers moving their operations, notably Gustave Auguste Besson, who moved from Paris to London, and Henry Distin, who started manufacturing them in London and later moved his business to the United States.^[16][17] The saxhorns, with the addition of trombones, came to constitute almost the whole instrumentation of the modern British brass band. The modern E♭ and B♭ band tubas with top-action piston valves are little-changed from their 19th-century contrabass saxhorn ancestors, aside from a wider bore and the addition of a fourth compensating valve.^[18]

The helicon is thought to have first appeared in Russia in the mid-1840s and was first patented in 1848 by the Vienna-based maker Stowasser. Like the Ancient Roman buccina, its tubing is wrapped under the right arm with the bell resting on the player's left shoulder. The helicon became popular throughout Europe and North America, particularly for its suitability in marching and mounted bands.^[19]

By the 1850s, the Czech maker Václav František Červený was making families of band instruments with rotary valves in Austria-Hungary, including instruments in the bass and contrabass range. He introduced his Kaiserbass C and B♭ contrabass tubas in the early 1880s, characterised by the much wider bore still used by modern instruments. By this time, Červený was one of the largest manufacturers in Europe and was supplying thousands of instruments to the Imperial Russian Army.^[20] Russian nationalist composers and others in the late Romantic and 20th century periods began writing for these tubas.^[21]

In the United States, saxhorns had become popular by the mid-19th century, particularly in military and brass bands. In 1838, the New York maker Allen Dodworth patented his "over-the-shoulder" (OTS) instruments, with bells pointing backwards over the player's left shoulder, that included an E♭ bass model.^[22] This design allowed soldiers, usually marching behind the band, to better hear the music.^[23] Demand for bugles and OTS saxhorns grew, particularly in the 1860s during the American Civil War, and tens of thousands were made in the United States or imported from Europe. After the war, the bands and their music remained popular, and manufacturing demand remained strong.^[24] From these ensembles and musicians emerged the American drum and bugle corps tradition,^[25] and the mixed-winds concert music popularised by the band leaders Patrick Gilmore and John Philip Sousa.^[26]

In 1893, Sousa, unhappy with the sound from his B♭ contrabass helicon tubas, had the Philadelphia instrument maker J. W. Pepper build a helicon with an upward-pointing bell, to better diffuse the sound. This sousaphone model, known as a "rain catcher", was later made by the American manufacturers Holton and C. G. Conn, who some time in the early 20th century turned the bell forward to create the iconic modern form.^[27]

The Italian word cimbasso is thought to be a contraction of the term corno basso (lit. 'bass horn'), which first appeared in scores as c. basso or c. in basso in the 1820s. Initially, the cimbasso was a form of upright serpent or bass horn, but over the course of the 19th century the term was used loosely to refer to the lowest bass instrument available in the brass family, including the ophicleide and early Italian valved instruments such as the pelittone and bombardone.^[28] The Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi, dissatisfied with the sound of these instruments, commissioned a valved contrabass trombone, built in the 1880s for his late operas.^[29] By the early 20th century, this instrument, which Verdi and Giacomo Puccini called simply the trombone basso in their opera scores, had disappeared from Italian orchestras, replaced by the tuba.^[30][a]

In Britain, the English F tuba was first produced in 1887 with five non-compensating piston valves. Harry Barlow, appointed to Hallé Orchestra in 1894, had his F tuba built c. 1897 by Higham of Manchester (this instrument is now in the University of Edinburgh collection).^[31] By the 1960s these "Barlow" tubas were scarce and expensive, and there were legal restrictions on importing instruments, so British orchestral players switched to the readily available brass band E♭ tuba with four compensating valves.^[32]

From the late 19th century until around the 1950s in France, the orchestral tuba was the small French tuba built in 8′ C with six piston valves. It was based on the euphonium-sized bass saxhorn, which had been built since the 1850s. It quickly became standard in French orchestras and was the tuba used by French composers of that time.^[33] The difficult high orchestral excerpts for tuba are often from these French tuba parts. One example is the "Bydło" tuba solo in Maurice Ravel's 1922 orchestration of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, although the part descends to low F₁ in other movements.^[34]

In the early days of recorded music in the 1920s, recording tubas were made with the bell pointing forward (pavillon tournant) so that the sound could be directed towards the recording microphone. Extra players with recording tubas were sometimes brought in to play string section double bass parts.^[35]

In 1933, Alfred Johnson, the production chief at the Michigan-based York Band Instrument Company, made two large C tubas for the conductor Leopold Stokowski, who wanted an organ-like tuba sound for the Philadelphia Orchestra.^[36] One of these instruments eventually went to Arnold Jacobs, a student at the time. Jacobs later became principal tubist at the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and an influential 20th-century tuba pedagogue and player.^[37] Both instruments, known as the "Chicago Yorks", were eventually purchased by the orchestra, and are played by the current principal tubist, Gene Pokorny. Due to the quality of their sound and ease of playing, they are described by many American players and technicians as "the greatest tubas ever made",^[38] and have been the subject of much measurement, analysis, and attempts to recreate them.^[39] Replicas include the "Yorkbrunner" HB50 and HBS510 models by the Swiss instrument company Hirsbrunner^[37] (now made by the Dutch maker Adams),^[40] the Yamaha YCB-826 "Yamayork" model,^[41] the B&S 3198,^[42] and the Wessex TC-695 "Chicago York" tuba.^[43] About 100 York-inspired tubas were built by the California-based producer Kanstul Musical Instruments before the business closed in 2019.^[44] In 2009, samples from old York tubas revealed they were made from a "gold" brass with a high copper content of 80 percent.^[45]

While the New Orleans Blue Book of ragtime standards from c. 1900 contained parts for tuba, they were only included as an alternative to the string bass parts, likely for outdoor performances. The tuba did not appear in early jazz bands until the 1920s, usually as the sousaphone, playing only oom-pah with occasional short solo breaks.^[46] The earliest known recordings with tuba were with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in 1923, with Jelly Roll Morton on piano and Chink Martin on tuba.^[47] This continued to be the main role for jazz tuba through the dance era of the 1920s and 30s and the Dixieland and trad-jazz revival of the 1940s.^[48]

The poor bass sensitivity of early recording technology meant that many jazz string bass players were expected to also play tuba. In the 1920s, New York musician Joe Tarto, adept at both, performed and recorded with almost every jazz musician of the time, including Bix Beiderbecke and Tommy Dorsey.^[47] He later played with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra and published a jazz bass method, Basic Rhythms and the Art of Jazz Improvisation.^[49]

As the recording technology improved in the 1930s, players moved back to string bass.^[47] The big bands that became prevalent in the swing era during World War II did not include the tuba in their standard instrumentation of trumpets, trombones, saxophones and rhythm.^[46]

In the late 1940s, the tuba was reintroduced into cool jazz by the jazz trumpeter Miles Davis. Inspired by the band led by Claude Thornhill, he organised an ensemble of nine players that included Bill Barber on tuba. Barber plays on several Miles Davis recordings in arrangements by Gerry Mulligan and Gil Evans, including the session compilation Birth of the Cool (1948), and the later albums Miles Ahead (1957) and Sketches of Spain (1960).^[50] In the 1950s, American band leader Stan Kenton explored using different instruments like the mellophonium to create a warm enveloping sound especially in ballads, and in 1955 made his fifth trombonist double on tuba to make use of its distinct timbre.^[51]

Although still not commonly found as a solo instrument in modern jazz, it has featured in ensembles and recordings since the 1970s. The Tubajazz Consort was set up in 1976 by the tubist Harvey Phillips and euphoniumist Rich Matteson. New York jazz musician Howard Johnson started in the Charles Mingus band and became a leading tuba soloist and band leader in his own right, leading the NBC Saturday Night Live Band.^[52] Bob Stewart, tubist and professor of jazz history at Juilliard School, has played tuba with many jazz players including Mingus, Gil Evans, Arthur Blythe, and Henry Threadgill.^[53] Stewart's solo in the title track of Blythe's 1979 album Lenox Avenue Breakdown was described in The Penguin Guide to Jazz as "one of the few genuinely important tuba statements in jazz."^[54] In the 1980s and 90s, the Los Angeles tubist Jim Self and Samuel Pilafian of The Empire Brass Quintet made several jazz recordings.^[55]

Since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the sousaphone has made a comeback in jazz and contemporary music due to an influx of musicians from New Orleans to other cities. In 2024, New York tubist Marcus Rojas stated that there are "two tubas on late-night TV. That would have been unheard of 15 years ago!" Tuba Gooding Jr. plays in The Roots on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and Ibanda Ruhumbika appears in The Late Show Band on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.^[56]

In the classification scheme of musical instruments, the tuba is considered a bass valved bugle. The valved bugles form a large family of brass instruments that includes the euphonium, flugelhorn, and the wider-bored members of the saxhorn family. They are distinguished by having a wide conical bore and valves.^[57] The bore of bugles is a wider conical shape compared to other brass instruments, such as the horn or cornet, which are, in turn, wider than the cylindrical-bore trumpet and trombone. The wider conical shape causes the instrument to favor lower spectral content, producing a mellow, warm timbre. The tuba bell's large diameter and the wide rate of taper of the tubing leading to it combine to amplify these lower frequencies and produce a deep contrabass sound.^[58]

Tubas are made in four pitches, determined by the length of the open tubing with no valves engaged. The smaller bass tuba is built in 12-foot (12′) F or 13′ E♭, while the larger contrabass tuba is built in 16′ C or 18′ B♭. Often the contrabass tubas are called "CC" or "BB♭" tubas, based on an archaic English variant of the Helmholtz pitch notation. The terms bass and contrabass are not often used by composers, with the choice of instrument left to the player, often based on the desired timbre rather than the range required by the part.^[59]

The modern F tuba descends from the original 1835 Baß-Tuba in F. It is commonly used by professional players as a solo instrument, or to play higher parts in orchestras where a C tuba would be the usual instrument. In most of Europe, the F is the standard orchestral tuba, the larger C or B♭ tuba used only when the extra weight is desired.^[60] In Vienna, the Wienerkonzerttuba is an F tuba with six rotary valves - three for each hand. The British orchestral tuba from the late 19th century until the 1950s was in F with four or five piston valves, and a narrower bore profile closer to that of the euphonium.^[61]

The E♭ tuba is most commonly found in brass and military bands, in saxhorn form with three top-mounted piston valves and usually a fourth compensating valve on one side. In British orchestras, the E♭ tuba displaced the old British F tuba in the 1960s, and is still found in British orchestras today, although some players have adopted the C tuba since the 1990s.^[61] The E♭ tuba is occasionally found in German form with five rotary valves, mostly in Scandinavian orchestras.^[62]

The C tuba is the most widely used orchestral tuba outside of Germany and Russia, and all professional models have five non-compensating valves.^[63] It is also found in concert bands in the US. On piston-valve C tubas, the fifth valve is usually a rotary valve.^[64]

The largest tuba, the contrabass in B♭, is the tuba of choice in German, Austrian, and Russian orchestras, usually with rotary valves. In the United States, the B♭ tuba is the most common in schools, largely due to the use of B♭ sousaphones in high school marching bands. The B♭ saxhorn-style tuba, with three top-mounted piston valves and usually a fourth compensating side valve, is standard in British brass bands.^[63]

Tubas of the same pitch will have the same length of tubing but can vary in other dimensions, such as overall width of the tubing sections, bell diameter, and the rate of bell taper. These measurements are categorized with a sizing scale denoted in quarters, with 4/4 designating a full-size tuba.^[65] Smaller instruments, often student or intermediate models with only three valves, may be described as 3/4 or even 1/2 size instruments. These are common in schools, where a full-size tuba may be too large, or in marching bands to reduce weight.^[66] Larger instruments are denoted as 5/4, or 6/4 for the largest tubas, sometimes known as grand orchestral tubas. These include the Conn 36J "Orchestra Grand Bass" from the 1930s, and the well-known large Chicago York tubas popularised by Arnold Jacobs and replicated by several makers.^[67] The designations have no standardised measurements of bore widths or bell diameters, but are useful for comparing models in a single manufacturer's catalog.^[65]

The euphonium, pitched in 9′ B♭ a fourth above the bass tuba in F, is sometimes referred to as a tenor tuba, particularly by British composers.^[68] This term can also refer specifically to the German Baryton, a similar instrument in B♭ with rotary valves.^[69] These instruments are used to play tenor tuba parts, ophicleide parts, and high tuba parts written for the similarly sized small French tuba.^[70][71][33]

A small number of very large novelty subcontrabass tubas have been built, and four playable instruments with functioning valves survive, mostly in museums.^[72] In 2019, the Harvard University Band restored "La Prodigieuse", a 36′ B♭ instrument pitched an octave below the B♭ contrabass built in the 1890s by Besson.^[73] Another subcontrabass was built and exhibited by the Czech maker Bohland & Fuchs in 1928, and is now owned by Amati Kraslice.^[74] In 1956, a 32′ C tuba built c. 1899 by the German maker Rudolf Sander featured in the first comedic Hoffnung Music Festival.^[73] A fully playable Riesentuba in 36′ B♭ with four rotary valves was built in 2010 and resides in the Markneukirchen Musical Instrument Museum.^[75]

The development of tubas took place in several regions throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, resulting in many different forms with different bores, bell tapers and sizes, and different types and numbers of valves.^[76] Broadly, tubas can be divided into two main groups: "German style" and "French style."^[77]

The "German style" tubas, derived from the Baß-Tuba and later tubas by Červený, have the leadpipe attached to the left side of the bell (facing the player), and the tubing and valves to the right, with the valves mounted in the middle and operated from the front ("front action").^[64] These tubas usually have rotary valves. Exceptions include some American tubas from the late 19th century, and the early-20th-century York tubas, which use piston valves oriented horizontally to be in the same position as the usual rotary valves.^[78]

The saxhorn-derived, "French style" tubas have piston valves mounted vertically and operated from the top of the instrument ("top action"), and the leadpipe from the mouthpiece is attached to the right side of the bell, with the valves and tubing positioned to the left. These are common in France, Britain, and throughout the British Commonwealth, particularly in brass and military bands.^[64]

For all of these instruments, the valves are operated by the right hand. Saxhorn-style instruments with a fourth compensating valve often place the fourth valve on the side, operated by the left hand.^[64]

Standard tubas can be played whilst standing and marching, which is the usual practice in British brass bands and military bands. For player comfort and to avoid strain or injury, a strap joined to metal rings soldered onto the tuba or a harness for the bottom bow are used to take the weight, via an over-shoulder strap or waist band.^[79]

In North America, most marching bands use the sousaphone, wrapped under one arm with the bell resting on the opposite shoulder, which is easier to carry and play while marching.^[80][19] The earlier helicon, from which the sousaphone was derived, is also used by bands in Europe and other parts of the world.^[81]

The contrabass bugle is a marching adaptation of the tuba, designed specifically for use on the field. First introduced in 1959 for drum and bugle corps, these instruments were initially constructed in the key of G, in accordance with the rule at the time that all brass instruments in corps be pitched in G, and generally have two valves.^[82] Following a rule change in 2000, they have been built with three or four valves and pitched in B♭.^[83] Since the transition to B♭ instruments, they are more commonly referred to as marching tubas. Some models can be converted from a standard concert configuration into a marching configuration.^[84]

Modern tubas are made with either piston valves or rotary valves.^[64] Rotary valves, patented in Prussia by Joseph Riedl in 1835, were first used on Austro-Hungarian tubas made in the 1850s by Červený. Around the same time in France and Britain, the modern piston valve developed by François Périnet in 1839 had begun to replace the Berlin valves used on early saxhorn instruments.^[85]

Pistons can be top-action, oriented vertically so the buttons are operated from the top of the instrument, or front-action (sometimes called side-action), oriented horizontally so the buttons are at the front, operated from the side.^[64]

Tubas are made with three to six valves, but among professional players, tubas with four and five are the most common. Three-valve tubas are usually inexpensive student models, or smaller marching instruments made to conserve weight; the sousaphone usually has three valves. F tubas usually have five or six valves,^[64] including the six-valved Wienerkonzerttuba used in Austria.^[86]

A valve works by adding a loop of tubing of a certain length to the main tubing of the instrument, thus lowering its fundamental pitch. On modern tubas, the first three valves work the same way as other valved brass instruments: the first lowers the pitch by two semitones (whole step), the second by one semitone (half step), and the third by three semitones (minor third).^[87]

The fourth valve lowers the pitch by five semitones (a perfect fourth), and is used instead of the combination of valves 1 and 3 which is too sharp. When tuned properly, it helps solve the intonation of valve combinations of valves 1, 2, and 3. Using the fourth valve with the first three extends the range down to the fundamental pitch, but as with other valve combinations, some of these lower notes will be too sharp.^[88]

The fifth and sixth valves, if fitted, provide alternative fingering possibilities to improve intonation, particularly in the octave between the fundamental pitch (pedal tone) and the second partial, and for smooth trills and ease of playing. Usually, the fifth valve is tuned to two and a half semitones (flattened whole step), and the sixth to one and a half semitones (flattened half step).^[89] In C tubas with five valves, the fifth valve may be tuned as a flattened whole step or as a minor third, depending on the instrument. The B♭ rarely has a fifth valve, but if fitted, it is tuned similarly to that of a C tuba.^[63]

Most high-end saxhorn-style tubas in E♭ and B♭, instead of providing a fifth or sixth valve, provide a compensating system on the fourth valve to adjust intonation when using valves in combination.^[90] This reduces the need to constantly adjust tuning slides while playing, and also simplifies fingering. The compensating piston valve was invented in the 1870s by David Blaikley, the factory manager at Boosey & Co., who patented it in 1878.^[91] The tubing of the fourth valve is re-routed back through the other three valves to add an extra set of small correcting tubing loops.^[92] This achieves correct intonation in the lower range of the instrument when using the fourth valve.^[93]

The patent limited its application outside of Britain, and tubas with compensating valves are mainly found in Britain and British Commonwealth countries. Compensating valves can make the instrument significantly more "stuffy" or resistant to air flow when compared to a non-compensating tuba, and it also makes the instrument heavier.^[94]

The tuba is generally constructed of brass, which is either electro-plated with silver or coated with a thin transparent lacquer.^[95] Unfinished brass will eventually tarnish and must be periodically polished to maintain its appearance.^[96]

To reduce weight, tubas can be made using fiberglass, ABS plastic, or carbon-fiber composite for the bell and major tubing.^[97][98] This is useful for increased durability, portability, and use while marching, especially sousaphones, which have been made with fibreglass bells since the 1960s. These materials also allow the instrument to be produced in many colors.^[99]

Tubas are built by many German makers, including Gebr. Alexander, B&S, Melton Meinl Weston, Miraphone, and Rudolf Meinl. Besson tubas and other band instruments, formerly made in London and France, are now manufactured in Germany since its 2013 acquisition by Buffet Crampon.^[100] Other European makers include Schagerl in Austria, Willson in Switzerland, Amati Kraslice and Červený in the Czech Republic, and Adams in the Netherlands.^[101]

Although brass instruments have long been made in China, in the 21st century several large makers, concentrated in Tianjin and Beijing, produce relatively inexpensive musical instruments for export, including tubas and other band instruments.^[102] Outside China, other Asian manufacturers include Yamaha of Japan,^[103] and KHS Music in Taiwan, who manufacture several brands, including Jupiter student B♭ tubas and sousaphones, and a five-valve C tuba for XO Professional Brass.^[104]

In the United States, tubas built in the 1930s by Conn, Holton, York, and King became the templates for instruments subsequently built and used in most American bands and orchestras.^[105] By the 1980s, Conn-Selmer had become America's largest brass instrument maker, having acquired Vincent Bach, Holton, Leblanc, and King through a series of corporate mergers and acquisitions.^[106] In 2024, the US imported $560 million in Chinese-made instruments, which included 45% of all brass-wind instrument imports that year, mostly beginner and student models.^[107] Consolidation and competition from inexpensive Chinese imports has resulted in the cessation of nearly all tuba manufacturing in the United States.^[106] The California-based manufacturer Kanstul closed in 2019,^[108] and Conn-Selmer plan to close its Eastlake manufacturing plant in June 2026, moving its remaining tuba and band instrument manufacturing to China.^[109]

A symphony orchestra typically includes a single tuba, although a second is sometimes called for in large works, such as Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of Spring (1913), and Havergal Brian's Symphony No. 1 (1927). The tuba serves as the bass of the orchestral brass section, and it can reinforce the bass voices of the strings and woodwinds.^[110]

The tuba is the principal bass instrument in concert bands and military bands, usually two to four in number. British-style brass band music has two tuba parts, one each for E♭ and B♭ tuba. With usually two players on each part, they can sometimes be marked divisi.^[111][112] Often as sousaphones, tubas are used in jazz bands, marching bands, and Mexican banda music.^[61][113] They are also used as contrabass bugles in drum and bugle corps.^[82]

In chamber music, the tuba provides the bass of the brass quintet, a genre first popularised in the 1950s by the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble and the New York Brass Quintet.^[114]

In orchestras and symphonic bands, the tuba is written at concert pitch in the bass clef as a non-transposing instrument. Tuba players reading music in bass clef must therefore learn the different valve fingerings for each size of tuba. Unlike other bass clef instruments like the trombone, cello, or bassoon, high passages for tuba are not written in tenor clef, and players are used to reading up to five leger lines above and below the bass staff.^[115]

In British brass bands, all instruments except the bass trombone are transposing instruments using the treble clef notation popularized in France by the instrument maker Adolphe Sax for his families of instruments.^[116] Thus the tuba parts are notated in treble clef, sounding an octave and a sixth below written for E♭ tuba, like the baritone saxophone, or two octaves and a second for B♭ tuba, like the contrabass clarinet.^[117] This allows band musicians to change instruments without having to learn new fingerings for the same written music.^[116]

Concert band music sometimes provides tuba parts in E♭ and B♭ treble clef as well, to accommodate players from either background, although professional players are usually familiar with either notation.^[118]

The written range of the tuba is large, partly because different-sized instruments have been used at different times and in different regions. The C or B♭ contrabass tubas called for by Wagner and later German composers could scarcely reach middle C, while the range of the euphonium-like French C tuba built an octave higher reaches the C₅ above middle C. On any tuba, the range from F₁ to C₄ (middle C) is easily accessible, but the full working range from contemporary solo repertoire includes the pedal range to at least B♭₀, and extends up to at least C₅.^[1][119]

Higher notes are possible, since the upper range is limited only by the fitness of the players' embouchure, although notes above the bell cutoff frequency around the tenth harmonic are difficult to centre; continuous glissandi are possible, making valve fingering largely redundant.^[120] The wide bore profile of the tuba means that pedal tones are easily produced, compared to other brass instruments.^[121]

Some tubas have a strong, useful resonance that deviates from the instrument's principal harmonic series. For example, most large B♭ tubas have a strong resonance around the low E♭₁ between the B♭₀ pedal and its second partial an octave above. These alternative resonances are often known as false, factitious or privileged tones, and allow the instrument to play chromatically from E₁ down to the B♭ pedal of the open horn using only three valves.^[122]

Contemporary repertoire can include the use of quarter tones and other microtonality. On the tuba, a microtonal valve system was first developed in 2009 by Robin Hayward and the German manufacturer B&S.^[123] The "Hayward" system supplies interchangeable fifth (quarter tone) and sixth (eighth tone) valves, and extensions for the third and fourth valve slides, that can be used on a six-valve F or C tuba. This system is available as an option on some tuba models from B&S and Rudolf Meinl.^[124][125]

The first "serious" composition for solo tuba was the Sonate für Baßtuba und Klavier (1957) by the German-American composer Paul Hindemith.^[126][127] Since then, a considerable body of repertoire has amassed for tuba as a solo instrument,^[128] both unaccompanied, and with ensemble or piano accompaniment.^[129][130]

The first tuba concerto was the Concerto in F minor for Bass Tuba and Orchestra, written in 1954 by the British composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. Since then many tuba concertos have been written, by Edward Gregson, John Williams, Alexander Arutiunian, Eric Ewazen, James Barnes, Joseph Hallman, Martin Ellerby, Philip Sparke,^[131] Kalevi Aho, Josef Tal, Bruce Broughton, John Golland, Roger Steptoe, David Carlson, Jennifer Higdon (Tuba Concerto), and Marcus Paus (Tuba Mirum).^[132]

• ITEA — The International Tuba Euphonium Association
• Media related to the tuba at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of tuba at Wiktionary
• TubeNet, TubaForum.net — online forums
• The Vincent and Ethel Simonetti Historic Tuba Collection — Durham, North Carolina
• History of the Tuba Podcast — Jake Kline & Jack Adler-McKean
• International Tuba Day — first Friday in May
• Tuba Christmas — official site for the annual Tubachristmas concerts
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bombardon" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.