Timeline of Kaliningrad

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was known as Königsberg (Polish: Królewiec, Lithuanian: Karaliaučius) prior to 1945 and Twangste prior to 1255.

Era of Teutonic Order

15th century

  • 1403 – City granted staple right.[6]
  • 1414 – Hunger War: The Polish-Lithuanian army approaches the city, and the demolition of houses in Lipnik begins in order to secure the Old Town.[7]
  • 1440 – The city becomes a founding member of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.
  • 1454
    • 14 February: Burghers seized the Teutonic Castle.[8]
    • March: Inclusion of the city, in Polish known as Królewiec, within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland following a request of the Prussian Confederation.[9]
    • March: The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish King during the incorporation of the region in Kraków.[10]
    • March: City authorized by the Polish king to mint Polish coins.[11]
    • April: City becomes the capital of the Królewiec Voivodeship within Poland.[12]
    • Pfundzoll tax abolished by King Casimir IV.[8]
    • King Casimir IV allowed local merchants to sell goods throughout entire Poland.[8]
    • 19 June: Public ceremony, during which the mayors of the Old Town, Knipawa and Lipnik, officially recognize Polish rule and pay homage to Poland.[13]
  • 1455 – Captured by Teutonic Knights during the Thirteen Years' War.
  • 1457 – City becomes capital of the State of the Teutonic Order.[1]
  • 1464 – Georg Steinhaupt becomes mayor.[4]
  • 1465
    • Landing force from Polish-allied Elbląg destroyed the shipyard near the Old Town, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the Thirteen Years' War.[14]
    • Anti-Teutonic rebellion in the city.[15]
  • 1466
    • City officials press the Teutonic Knights to accept Polish peace terms, and the mayors of the Old Town and Knipawa take part in peace talks.[15]
    • Second Peace of Thorn: the city becomes a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Order.[16] The seals of all three towns are attached to the documents of the peace treaty.[17]
  • 1467 – The city introduces custom duties on ships carrying salt from Gdańsk, Poland to Lithuania.[18]
  • 1478 – City comes into conflict with Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen, who wants to cut ties with Poland, and pressures him to pay homage to King Casimir IV Jagiellon.[18]

16th century

First Old Prussian catechism (1545), first Lithuanian catechism (1547) and first Polish translation of the New Testament (1553)
  • 1547 – Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas, the oldest printed book in Lithuanian, published.
  • 1550 – Population: 14,000.[19]
  • 1552 – Visit of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland.[20]
  • 1553 – Oldest Polish translation of the New Testament, by Stanisław Murzynowski, published.
  • 1560 – 28 March: King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland confers university privileges on the Albertina University,[12] on a par with the Jagiellonian University.
  • 1561 – First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot.[24]
  • 1566
    • Duke Albert attempted to introduce absolutist rule in violation of the Treaty of Kraków.[22]
    • August–October: Stay and intervention of Polish Royal commissioners, restoration of the previous legal order.[22]
    • 4 October: Decree expanding the rights of Polish rulers and of the nobility and cities in the duchy.[22]
    • 22 October: Decree settling the city's conflict with Duke Albert, instituted by Polish Royal commissioners.[25]
  • 1568 – March: Albert Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.
  • 1577 – City opposes the regency of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach.[25]
  • 1579 – Renewed city resistance to the regency of George Frederick. The city supports the nobility's request to the Polish King to send a Polish Royal Commission to the city.[25]
  • 1580 – Arrival of George Frederick to establish his rule.[25]
  • 1582 – The Polish-language Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia by Polish historian and writer Maciej Stryjkowski published in the city. It is considered the first printed book on the history of Eastern Europe and Lithuania.
  • 1589 – Visit of King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland.[20]
  • 1590 – Green Bridge rebuilt.
  • 1594 – Schlosskirche (castle church) dedicated

17th century

  • 1662
    • City sends a letter to King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland, opposing the rule of Elector Frederick William.[34]
    • 8 July: Confederation formed in the city to maintain Poland's sovereignty over the city and region.[34]
    • 27 October: The Brandenburg Elector and his army enter the city.[34]
    • 30 October: Hieronymus Roth, leader of the city's anti-Elector opposition, abducted by Brandenburg forces, and then imprisoned.[35]
  • 1663 – City burghers, forced by Frederick William, swear an oath of allegiance to him, however, in the same ceremony they still also pledge allegiance to Poland.[36]
  • 1686 – French Huguenot community and congregation founded.[37]
  • 1688 – April: Frederick becomes Duke of Prussia.

18th century

19th century

  • 1810 – August Wilhelm Heidemann becomes mayor.
  • 1812 – School of church music founded.
  • 1813 – Koenigsberg Observatory built.
  • 1814 – Carl Friedrich Horn becomes mayor.
  • 1817 – Polish-language services discontinued in the Cathedral, Löbenicht Church and Altstadt Church.[28]
  • 1821 – Polish removed from the curriculum of the Reformed school.[44]
  • 1825 – French Reformed secondary school closed.[37][41]
  • 1826 – Johann Friedrich List becomes mayor.
  • 1828 – Royal and University Library formed.[38]
  • 1830 – Population: 54,000.[3]
  • 1831 – Polish poet Wincenty Pol interned in the city following the unsuccessful Polish November Uprising. He wrote his first poems there.[45]
  • 1832 – French Reformed elementary school closed.[37][41]
  • 1833 – University's Department of Chemistry opens in Neurossgarten.
  • 1835 – Nowiny o Rozszerzeniu Wiary Chrześcijańskiej Polish-language Christian magazine begins publication.[46]
  • 1838 – Rudolf von Auerswald becomes mayor.
  • 1843 – Polish Reformed Congregation dissolved.[32]
  • 1845
  • 1851 – Grolman Bastion built.
  • 1855
  • 1856 – Königsberg Cathedral restored.[1]
  • 1858 – Dohna Tower built.
  • 1860 – Astronomic Bastion built.
  • 1861
  • 1862 – The city becomes a center of Polish preparations for a planned Polish uprising.[48]
  • 1863–1864 – Arms trafficking for Polish insurgents during the January Uprising in the Russian Partition of Poland, co-organized by Wojciech Kętrzyński.[49]
  • 1863
    • 2 January: Pruski Przyjaciel Ludu Polish-language newspaper begins publication.[46]
    • 1 August: Piotr Drzewiecki becomes the leader of the local Polish insurgent organization, succeeding Kazimierz Szulc, who was forced to flee pursued by the Prussian authorities.[50]
    • 9 August and 22 August: Prussian authorities seize weapons intended for Polish insurgents.[51]
  • 1864 – 1 February: The Polish uprising committee begins publication of the Głos z Litwy Polish-language newspaper.[46][52]
  • 1867 – Population: 101,507.[53]
  • 1875
  • 1878 – Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper) in publication.[55]
  • 1880
  • 1883 – High Bridge rebuilt.
  • 1886 – Siemering Museum established.[56]
  • 1889 – Eisenbahnbrücke (bridge) opens.
  • 1890 – Population: 161,666.[1]
  • 1892 – Baltika Stadium opens.
  • 1893 – Hermann Theodor Hoffmann becomes mayor.
  • 1896 – Zoo founded.
  • 1897 – Königsberger Tageblatt (newspaper) in publication.
  • 1898 – Palaestra Albertina established.[57]
  • 1900

20th century

1900-1945

1946-1990s

21st century

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c Pogorzelski, M. (April 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 4. Warszawa. p. 10.
  3. ^ a b c d e David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Königsberg". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
  4. ^ a b Richard Armstedt (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen [History of the Royal Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.
  5. ^ "Sites and projects". sg39.ru. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
  6. ^ Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 8.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  7. ^ Biskup 1992, p. 230.
  8. ^ a b c Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 9.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  9. ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  10. ^ Górski, pp. 71–72
  11. ^ Górski, p. 63
  12. ^ a b c d Podbereski 2010, p. 113.
  13. ^ Biskup 1992, p. 233.
  14. ^ "Kalendarz dat: 1465". Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  15. ^ a b Pogorzelski, M. (May 1931). "Historyczny przegląd stosunków gospodarczych między Polską a Królewcem". Morze: organ Ligi Morskiej i Kolonjalnej (in Polish). Vol. VIII, no. 5. Warszawa. p. 10.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  16. ^ Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  17. ^ Karczewska, Teresa (1962). "Przegląd pieczęci pruskich z dokumentów traktatu toruńskiego z 1466 roku". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 4. pp. 759–761.
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  21. ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
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This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

Published in the 18th-19th century
Published in the 20th century
  • "Königsberg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 894–895.
  • "Kaliningrad", Scandinavian & Baltic Europe (4th ed.), Lonely Planet, 1999, p. 300+, OL 8314793M
  • James Charles Roy (1999). The Vanished Kingdom: Travels Through the History of Prussia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3793-7.
  • Olga Sezneva (2000). "Historical Representation and the Politics of Memory in Kaliningrad, Former Königsberg". Polish Sociological Review (131): 323–338. JSTOR 41274763.
Published in the 21st century
  • Peter Savodnik (2003). "Kaliningrad". Wilson Quarterly. 27 (2): 16–22. JSTOR 40261179.
  • Ann Kennard (2010). "Case Study 1: Kaliningrad". Old Cultures, New Institutions: Around the New Eastern Border of the European Union. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 133–161. ISBN 978-3-643-10751-0.
  • Eaton, Nicole. German Blood, Slavic Soil: How Nazi Königsberg Became Soviet Kaliningrad (Cornell University Press, 2023) online review of this book

in other languages

  • Karl Faber (1840). Die Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Königsberg in Preußen [Capital and Residence City of Königsberg in Prussia] (in German). Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer.
  • Alexander Jung (1846). Königsberg und die Königsberger (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Kirchner.
  • F.W. Schubert (1855). Zur sechshundertjährigen Jubelfeier der Stadt Königsberg [600th Jubilee Celebration of the City of Königsberg] (in German). Königsberg: Verlag von Schubert und Seidel.
  • "Konigsberg". Biblioteca geographica: Verzeichniss der seit der Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts bis zu Ende des Jahres 1856 in Deutschland (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1858. (bibliography)
  • August Wilhelm Grube (1875). "Königsberg". Charakterbilder Deutschen Landes und Lebens fur Schule und Haus (in German) (10th ed.). Leipzig: F. Brandstetter.
  • "Königsberg". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.
  • Gresch, Eberhard (2012). Im Blickpunkt der Geschichte der Reformation: Evangelisch-Reformierte in (Ost-)Preußen (in German).
  • P. Krauss; E. Uetrecht, eds. (1913). "Konigsberg". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
  • "Konigsberg", Deutscher Städteatlas (in German), vol. 2, Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte, 1979, ISBN 3891150008
  • Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.
  • Biskup, Marian (1992). "Królewiec a Polska i Litwa jagiellońska w czasach średniowiecza (do roku 1525)". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.* Podbereski, Wacław (2010). "Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad". Znad Wilii (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 44. ISSN 1392-9712.
  • Wolfgang Adam; Siegrid Westphal, eds. (2012). "Königsberg". Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum (in German). De Gruyter. pp. 1153+. ISBN 978-3-11-029555-9.
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