Thmuis
30°56′19″N 31°30′59″E / 30.93861°N 31.51639°E
Thmuis
Tell el-Timai | |
|---|---|
Thmuis Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 30°56′19″N 31°30′59″E / 30.93861°N 31.51639°E | |
| Country | Egypt |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | +3 |
Thmuis (/ˈθmjuːɪs/; Greek: Θμοῦις), modern Tell et-Timai (Arabic: تل التيماي) was a city in Lower Egypt, located on the canal east of the Nile, between its Tanitic and Mendesian branches. Its ruins are near the modern city of Timayy al-Imdid.
Geography
Its ruins are at Tell El-Timai, about five miles north-west of Sinbellawein, a station on the railway from Zagazig to Mansourah in the central Delta.
History
Ptolemaic period
During the Ptolemaic period, Thmuis succeeded Djedet as the capital of Lower Egypt's 16th nome of Kha (Herodotus (II, 166)). The two cities are only several hundred meters apart. Ptolemy also states that the city was the capital of the Mendesian nome. From the Ptolemaic-Roman period are preserved the foundations of a temple.[2]
Excavations uncovered deposits from a Hellenistic-era mud-brick building that was destroyed after 204 BC, as indicated by a coin cache of 13 bronze coins from the reigns of Ptolemy II, Ptolemy III, and Ptolemy IV. Evidence of burning on floors and vessels indicates that the building was destroyed in a fire.[3] A second phase of the building continued in use after the destruction, before being destroyed by fire in the 1st century BC.[3]
Excavations at the site also uncovered a midden containing remains of more than 70 ceramic bread molds. They were found adjacent to a large circular bread oven built into a mud-brick platform. They belong to an Egyptian type used since the Second Intermediate Period.[3]
Roman period
Thmuis was an episcopal see in the Roman province of Augustamnica Prima, suffragan of Pelusium. Today it is part of the Coptic Holy Metropolitanate of Beheira (Thmuis & Hermopolis Parva), Mariout (Mariotis), Marsa Matruh (Antiphrae & Paractorium), Libya (Livis) and Pentapolis (Cyrenaica).
In the fourth century it was still an important Roman city, having its own administration and being exempt from the jurisdiction of the Prefect of Alexandria.
Islamic period
The site was in existence at the time of the Muslim invasion of Egypt in 642 AD, and was later called Al-Mourad or "Al-Mouradeh"; it must have disappeared after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt.
Bishopric
Le Quien (Oriens christianus, II, 537) names nine bishops of Thmuis, the last three being Monophysites of the Middle Ages. The others are:
- Ammonius, Bishop of Thmuis,[4] deposed by Heraclas of Alexandria (d. 247) [5]
- Phileas of Thmuis, d. 306 (in the Martyrology, 4 February), martyr and saint
- Donatus, his successor, martyr
- Liberius (not Caius), at the First Council of Nicaea in 325
- Serapion of Thmuis, died shortly before 360, the author of various works, in part preserved, a friend of Athanasius
- Ptolemæus at the Council of Seleucia (359)
- Aristobulus, at the First Council of Ephesus (431).
See also
- List of ancient Egyptian sites, including sites of temples
References
- ^ Fletcher, Joann (2008). Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend. New York: Harper. ISBN 978-0-06-058558-7, image plates and captions between pp. 246-247.
- ^ James E. Bennettː A Ptolemaic-Roman Temple Foundation at Tell Timai, inː Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 105 issue 2, December 2019, pp. 217-225
- ^ a b c Hudson, Nicholas (2016). "A Hellenistic Household Ceramic Assemblage from Tell el-Timai (Thmuis), Egypt: A Contextual View". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 376: 199–244. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.376.0199. ISSN 0003-097X.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Church of Alexandria". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
- ^ Photius, P.G., CIV, 1229.
Sources
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Baines & Malek "Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt", 2000. ISBN 0-8160-4036-2
- M.I. Bakr & H. Brandl, "Various Sites in the Eastern Nile Delta: Thmuis", in: M.I. Bakr and H. Brandl, with F. Kalloniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta. Museums in the Nile Delta, vol. 2. Cairo/Berlin 2014, pp. 79, 294-301. ISBN 9783000453182.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Thmuis". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.