Hook (diacritic)

For the Vietnamese diacritic, see Hook above. For other uses, see Hook (disambiguation).
◌̡ ◌̢ ◌˞
Hook
In Unicode
  • U+0321  ̡  COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW
  • U+0322  ̢  COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW
  • U+02DE  ˞  MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK

In typesetting, the hook or tail is a diacritic mark attached to letters in many alphabets. In shape it looks like a hook and it can be attached below as a descender, on top as an ascender and sometimes to the side. The orientation of the hook can change its meaning: when it is below and curls to the left it can be interpreted as a palatal hook, and when it curls to the right is called hook tail or tail and can be interpreted as a retroflex hook. It should not be mistaken with the hook above, a diacritical mark used in Vietnamese, or the rhotic hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Letters with hook

It could be argued that the hook was used to derive the letter ⟨J⟩ from the letter ⟨I⟩, or the letter Eng ⟨ŋ⟩ from the letter ⟨N⟩. However, these letters are usually not identified as being formed with the hook.

Most letters with hook are used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and many languages use them (along with capitals) representing the same sounds.

The hook often attaches to the top part of the letter, curling to the left or to the right, finishing the ascender if present. It may then be referred to as a crook, in some languages like French[1] more commonly than in English that is less successful in mitigating the semantic overload of the hook term.

If the hook attaches to the bottom part of the letter, it is often called a palatal hook if it curls to the left, or a retroflex hook if it curls to the right.

The retroflex hook occurs on alveolar and post-alveolar IPA letters; it also occurs on vowel letters, which currently indicates the effect of a retroflex consonant on the vowel, but formally was an option for writing rhotic vowels.

Note that the 'fishhook r', ɾ, is shaped like a fishhook; the same is true for reversed ɿ. They do not have hook diacritics despite their misleading Unicode names "(Reversed) R with fishhook".

Table

Latin alphabet
Letters [Unicode] name Hook position
ᶏ A with retroflex hook bottom
ᶐ Script A or alpha with retroflex hook bottom
Ɓ ɓ 𐞅 B with hook[2] top
Ꞗ ꞗ B with flourish left
ᶀ B with palatal hook bottom
Ƈ ƈ C with hook top
Ꞔ ꞔ C with palatal hook bottom
C̢ 𝼝 C with retroflex hook[3] bottom
ɕ ᶝ C with curl bottom
𝼏 Stretched C with curl bottom
Ɗ ɗ 𐞌 D with hook[2] top
Ɖ ɖ 𐞋 African D or D with tail[4] bottom
ᶑ 𐞍 D with hook and tail[2] top and bottom
ᶁ D with palatal hook bottom
𝼥 D with left hook left
ȡ D with curl bottom
ʥ 𐞉 Dz digraph with curl bottom
𝼙 Dezh with retroflex hook bottom
ꬴ E with flourish left
ᶒ E with retroflex hook bottom
ⱸ E with notch bottom
ɚ Schwa with hook right
ᶕ Schwa with retroflex hook bottom
ᶓ Open E or epsilon with retroflex hook bottom
ɝ Reversed open E or epsilon with hook right
ᶔ Reversed open E or epsilon with retroflex hook bottom
Ƒ ƒ F with hook bottom
ᶂ F with palatal hook bottom
Ɠ ɠ 𐞓 G with hook[2] top
ʛ 𐞔 Small capital g with hook[2] top
ᶃ G with palatal hook right
ꬶ Script G with crossed-tail bottom
Ɦ ɦ ʱ H with hook top
ꞕ H with palatal hook bottom right
Ꜧ ꜧ ꭜ Heng bottom
ɧ 𐞗 Heng with hook[4] top
ʮ Turned H with fishhook top
ʯ Turned H with fishhook and tail top and bottom
ᶖ I with retroflex hook bottom
Ʝ ʝ ᶨ J with crossed-tail bottom
ʄ 𐞘 Dotless J with stroke and hook[2] top
Ƙ ƙ K with hook top
ᶄ K with palatal hook bottom
ᶅ ᶅ L with palatal hook bottom
𝼑 L with fishhook[5] right
𝼦 L with left hook left
ɭ ᶩ L with retroflex hook bottom
ꞎ 𐞝 L with retroflex hook and belt[6][7] bottom
ȴ L with curl bottom
𝼅 𐞟 Lezh with retroflex hook[7] bottom
Ɱ ɱ ᶬ M with hook bottom
ᶆ M with palatal hook bottom
ꬺ M with crossed-tail bottom
Ɲ ɲ ᶮ N with left hook bottom left
ᶇ N with palatal hook bottom right
𝼧 N with left hook left
ɳ ᶯ N with retroflex hook bottom right
ꬻ N with crossed-tail bottom
ȵ N with curl bottom
Ŋ ŋ ᵑ Eng bottom
ꬼ Eng with crossed-tail bottom
𝼔 Eng with palatal hook[5] bottom
𝼛 O with retroflex hook[5] bottom
ᶗ Open O with retroflex hook bottom
Ƥ ƥ P with hook top
ᶈ P with palatal hook right
Ꝓ ꝓ P with flourish left middle
Ꝕ ꝕ P with squirrel tail left top
ʠ Q with hook top
Ɋ ɋ Small Q with hook tail bottom
Ɽ ɽ 𐞨 R with tail[4] bottom left
ᶉ R with palatal hook bottom
𝼨 R with left hook left
ɻ ʵ Turned R with hook bottom
𝼈 Turned R with long leg and retroflex hook[5] bottom
𝼕 Turned R with palatal hook[5] bottom
ⱹ Turned R with tail top
ꭉ R with crossed-tail bottom
ꭊ Double R with crossed-tail bottom
ᶊ S with palatal hook bottom right
𝼩 S with left hook left
Ʂ ʂ ᶳ S with retroflex hook bottom left
𝼞 𐞺 S with curl bottom
Ȿ ȿ S with swash tail bottom right
ᶋ Esh with palatal hook right
ᶘ Esh with retroflex hook bottom
ʆ Esh with curl bottom
𝼌 Esh with double bar and curl bottom
Ƭ ƭ T with hook top
ƫ ƫ T with palatal hook bottom
𝼪 T with left hook left
Ʈ ʈ 𐞯 T with retroflex hook[4] bottom
𝼉 T with top hook and retroflex hook[5] top and bottom
ȶ T with curl bottom
𝼍 Turned T with curl bottom
ʨ 𐞫 Tc digraph with curl bottom
𝼜 Tesh with retroflex hook bottom
ꭒ ꭟ U with left hook top left
ᶙ U with retroflex hook bottom
ᶌ V with palatal hook bottom
ⱱ 𐞰 V with right hook[8][4] top right
Ʋ ʋ ᶹ Script V or V with hook top right
ⱴ V with curl top left
Ⱳ ⱳ W with hook top right
ᶍ X with palatal hook bottom right
Ƴ ƴ Y with hook top right
Ȥ ȥ Z with hook bottom
Ᶎ ᶎ Z with palatal hook bottom
ʐ ᶼ Z with retroflex hook bottom
Z with top hook top right or top left
ʑ ᶽ Z with curl bottom
Ɀ ɀ Z with swash tail bottom
𝼘 Ezh with palatal hook[5] right
ᶚ Ezh with retroflex hook bottom
ʓ Ezh with curl bottom
ƺ Ezh with tail bottom
𝼊 𐞹 Retroflex click with retroflex hook[9][2] bottom
𝼎 Inverted glottal stop with curl bottom
Ꜭ ꜭ Cuatrillo tail bottom
Ꜯ ꜯ Cuatrillo hook bottom
Cyrillic alphabet
Ghe with hook bottom
Ӻ ӻ Ghe with stroke and hook bottom
Ҕ ҕ Ghe with middle hook right
Ҋ ҋ Short i with tail bottom right
Ӄ ӄ Ka with hook bottom right
Ԓ ԓ El with hook bottom right
Ӆ ӆ El with tail bottom right
Ӎ ӎ Em with tail bottom right
Ӈ ӈ En with hook bottom right
Ԩ ԩ En with left hook bottom left
Ӊ ӊ En with tail bottom right
Ꚋ ꚋ Te with middle hook right
Ӽ ӽ Ha with hook bottom right

Overview

Unicode

Unicode has the combining diacritics U+0321  ̡  COMBINING PALATALIZED HOOK BELOW and U+0322  ̢  COMBINING RETROFLEX HOOK BELOW but these are not recommended to be used with letters, and should be used to illustrate the hooks themselves. Instead Unicode recommends the use of precomposed characters that already include the hook.[10]

The U+02DE ˞ MODIFIER LETTER RHOTIC HOOK is used to mark an r-colored vowel.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ As in the non-standard French translation of the UCS ListeNoms.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-253R: Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic" (PDF).
  3. ^ Miller, Kirk (2021-01-11). "L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters" (PDF).
  4. ^ a b c d e Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF).
  6. ^ Priest, Lorna (2008-07-28). "L2/08-182: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin and Cyrillic Characters" (PDF).
  7. ^ a b Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF).
  8. ^ Priest, Lorna; Constable, Peter (2005-08-09), N2945: Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters (PDF)
  9. ^ Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).
  10. ^ Constable, Peter (1 February 2004). "Revised Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Retroflex Hook in the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2024.
  11. ^ "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)" (PDF). IPA Association. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
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