Reactions to the 2026 Iran war

Beginning on 28 February 2026, the United States and Israel launched coordinated joint attacks on various sites in Iran, which started the 2026 Iran war. The strikes targeted key officials, military commanders, facilities, and aimed at regime change.

Most countries did not take a definitive side in the conflict but called for peace. In the Middle East, most countries criticized the Iranian attacks. In Asia, many condemned the US-Israeli attacks or called for peace. In Europe, the majority condemned the Iranian attacks, condemned both sides, or called for peace. In Oceania, most countries supported US-Israeli strikes on Iran. The Americas exhibited a mix of reactions, while most African countries did not react.

Iran's Foreign Ministry vowed a response as Iranian forces struck US bases across the Persian Gulf.^[1][2] The Supreme National Security Council said Iran was targeted by a "brutal air operation" carried out by the US and Israel, saying: "This occurred once again during negotiations, and the enemy imagines that the resilient Iranian nation will surrender to their petty demands through these cowardly actions."^[3] Iranian foreign minister Abbas Araghchi called the attacks "wholly unprovoked, illegal, and illegitimate" and said attacks by Iran will continue until as long as they are defending.^[4][5] Vice President Aref stated that the path to social justice will not be resisted or stopped by any missile attack.^[6] Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian said that if the US and Israel are not held accountable for their actions 'global order will be shaken'.^[7]

Interim Leadership Council chief member Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i said there were no deadlocks within the Islamic Republic government system.^[8]

Iranian deputy foreign minister Kazem Gharibabadi condemned the repeated targeting of historical and cultural sites in Iran, calling it "an assault on part of Iran's civilizational identity."^[9] Araghchi labeled the strike on a Tehran fuel depot as "ecocide."^[10]

IRGC General Syed Majid Ibn-al-Riza replaced the slain former minister of Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL) Aziz Nasirzadeh.^[11]

The Iranian government declared it had lifted any and all import/export rules and restrictions,^[12] and announced that enough fuel and medicine readily available.^[13]

The national post corporation paused all parcel delivery until 3 March.^[14] All sporting events were canceled after they were banned by government. Iraq or UAE will possibly replace Iran in 2026 FIFA World Cup soccer events.^[15] Iranian haj Mecca pilgrims were instead returned from Saudi Arabia by land.^[16]

The Iranian government ordered civilians not to evacuate the cities of Chabahar, Bandar Abbas, Mahshahr, and Bushehr, but the SNSC ordered people to evacuate Tehran.^[17] Schools were closed and switched to offline home Shaadapp school learning for the remainder of the year.^[18]

The government also renewed a "near total" internet blackout in Iran, as NetBlocks reported internet connectivity in Iran dropping to 4% of ordinary levels.^[19][20][21] Iranians abroad have reported that they have been unable to connect with family members in Iran.^[22]

Following the assassination of Khamenei, Ayatollahs Naser Makarem Shirazi and Hossein Noori Hamedani issued a fatwa for jihad against America for Muslims to avenge his death, saying vengeance was "the religious duty of all Muslims in the world so that the evil of these criminals is eradicated from the Earth".^[23]

On 19 March, Iran promised more attacks on energy sites in the region.^[24]

As of 15 March, only pro-government rallies have been visible in Tehran's major squares.^[25] Although many of the pro-government rallies are encouraged by the authorities,^[26] Nikita Smagin writes "It is not so easy to force people into the street just like that. The core of the Islamic Republic is still in place and has not gone anywhere."^[27] According to BBC, no mass anti-government rallies have taken place, in part due to the Iranian police warning people of consequences for "tak[-ing] action in the cities at the behest of the enemy".^[28]

On the first two days of the war, pro-government demonstrators marched in Tehran, waving Islamic Republic flags and chanting against the U.S. and Israel.^[29] Another pro-government demonstration took place in Palestine Square, Tehran.^[30] Similar rallies occurred in Yasuj, where crowds mourned Khamenei.^[31] State media reported gatherings in Enqelab Square on 1 March.^[32] Participants in pro-government rallies were seen carrying Islamic Republic flags and portraits of Ali Khamenei while voicing opposition to the U.S. and Israeli strikes.^[33][34] Footage was also circulated showing people in Iran celebrating the US-Israeli attacks, with some expressing the hope that the events might weaken or even topple the current leadership.^{[35][36][37][38]} Some Iranians also celebrated the killing of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, while security forces opened fire on celebrants in the streets.^[39][40] On 1 March 2026, a video showed a crowd of civilians toppling a monument dedicated to Ruhollah Khomeini.^[41][42]

Some blamed the Iranian government for the outbreak of the war, and some were concerned it would survive.^[43] There was some panic in areas with strikes.^[30]

After Mojtaba Khamenei was named the next Supreme Leader on 8 March, some Iranians chanted "Death to Mojtaba" from their windows in Tehran.^[44][45]

On the last Friday of Ramadan, thousands of Iranians took to the streets of Tehran in support of Palestinians and condemning US–Israeli attacks on Iran as part of the annual state-organized Quds Day day. Many Iranian government figures were seen joined at the protests, including Masoud Pezeshkian and Ali Larijani.^[46] Israel threatened to attack the area, but the fact that the demonstrations took place anyway showed, according to France24, "fierce determination on both sides".^[47]

During the 17 March Chaharshanbe Suri festivities ahead of the 20 March Nowruz holiday, Iranians across Iran defied orders from the authorities and celebrated the festivities, while footage showed gunshots from security forces dispersing crowds.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53]} Protests from home windows with chants of "Javid Shah" also continued.^[54] Crowds also cheered from their homes and celebrated with fireworks after news of Ali Larijani's death.^[55][56]

Iranian diaspora celebration rallies occurred worldwide amid the American–Israeli strikes on Iran.^{[57][58][59][60][61]}

A poll conducted by the National Iranian American Council, which is widely regarded as the Islamic Republic's lobby, found that 49.3% of Iranian-American respondents opposed the US-Israeli attack on Iran, while 48.9% supported it. A total of 61.6% supported diplomacy to end the war, while 35.4% opposed diplomacy.^[64][65]

Reza Pahlavi, the US-based exiled son of the former Shah of Iran, urged Iranians inside Iran to prepare to resume protests as the Islamic Republic "collapses", called on the military and security forces to side with the public rather than the ruling government, and described US action against Iran as a "humanitarian intervention" while urging Trump to avoid civilian harm.^[66] Pahlavi put forward the Iran Prosperity Project, an initiative affiliated with the US-based National Union for Democracy in Iran (NUFDI), which outlines plans for the first 180 days of Iran's governance following the potential collapse of the Islamic Republic, including measures for economic stabilization and institutional reconstruction. On 9 March, Pahlavi said that he supported strikes on the IRGC and urged the army to join the people in toppling the government.^[67] On 11 March, Pahlavi told Iranians to stay home and continue the daily rooftop chants until he gives the "final call" to overthrow the government.^[68] On 14 March, Pahlavi called for underground resistance groups to intensify their fight against the Iranian government, while advising most Iranians to continue to stay home for now.^[69] On 15 March, Pahlavi stated that the transition government under his leadership is ready to take control over Iran when the government falls,^[70] setting five economic goals for a post-Islamic Republic Iran.^[71] He also called for diaspora protests outside Iranian embassies worldwide.^[72]

Maryam Rajavi, the leader of the France–Albania based National Council of Resistance of Iran, which is the political wing of the Islamist–Marxist organization People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran, announced the formation of a rival transitional government and rejected both the Islamic Republic and the Iran Prosperity Project.^[73]

Diaspora Iranians across social media have began gathering cases of repression and neglect in Iran linked to government mismanagement, arguing that the suffering long predates the current war.^[74]

President Donald Trump confirmed that the US military have begun "major combat operations" in Iran,^[75] describing it as "a massive and ongoing operation to prevent this very wicked, radical dictatorship from threatening America".^[76] In a video posted to Truth Social, he reaffirmed that "Our objective is to defend the American people by eliminating imminent threats from the Iranian regime, a vicious group of very hard, terrible people", adding: "For 47 years, the Iranian regime has chanted "Death to America" and waged an unending campaign of bloodshed and mass murder, targeting the United States, our troops and the innocent people in many, many countries."^[77] Trump said that talks with Iran will be easier following the assassination of Ali Khamenei.^[78] On the third day of the conflict, Trump said that the US military is "knocking the crap out of Iran but the big wave of attacks yet to come" and mentioning the possible use of ground troops.^[78] Trump also said that regime change in Iran will happen, but "maybe not immediately."^[79] Trump said that the Iranian people were afraid to overthrow the government out of fear of violent repression, and he labeled Iranian leaders as "thugs".^[80]

American lawmakers have had mixed reactions. Republican senator Lindsey Graham supported the action, saying that the strikes were "in the nick of time" to prevent Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon.^[81] Other members of the Republican party supported the attacks, including Senate Majority Leader John Thune, as well as some Democrats, including Senator John Fetterman and Representative Josh Gottheimer.^[82] Other Republicans opposed the operation, including Representative Thomas Massie and former representative Marjorie Taylor Greene.^[83][84]

Mike Johnson, the speaker of the United States House of Representatives, said that Israel would have attacked Iran even if it were without the help of the United States, and the consequences of this would have been "devastating". Johnson called the involvement of the United States in the attack "absolutely necessary for our defense".^[85] Similar declarations were done by Marco Rubio by affirming that the US government knew that Israel was planning to attack Iran and that the US did a preventive attack to avoid higher casualties, critics of Israel denounced this as US strategy that is increasingly shaped by Israeli military decisions.^[86] Rubio also stated that the world will be a safer place when this military operation is completed.^[87]

In March 2026, reports emerged of a policy divide between Trump and Vice President JD Vance regarding U.S.-Israeli strikes against Iran.^[88] While Vance publicly defended the administration's actions as necessary to eliminate Iran's nuclear threat, he reportedly expressed skepticism during internal White House deliberations prior to the military operation.^[89]

Democratic politicians tended to be more withdrawn. Representative Jim Himes stated, "Everything I have heard from the administration before and after these strikes on Iran confirms this is a war of choice with no strategic endgame."^[90] Senator Mark Warner, after attending a classified briefing on the war, said there was no immediate threat from Iran.^[85] Senator Tim Kaine called for a check on Trump's power to engage in war without the support of Congress and was supported by Republican senator Rand Paul, Democratic senator Chuck Schumer (the Democratic leader of the Senate, who was in a classified briefing on the Iran war abd said that he "found their answers completely and totally insufficient"),^[85] House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries,^[90] and Democratic senator Andy Kim.^[91]

California governor Gavin Newsom condemned President Trump's decision to attack Iran, further accusing Israel of dragging the United States into a long war.^[92] Newsom added that Israel was "sort of an apartheid state."^[92] The governor of the Northern Mariana Islands David M. Apatang praised President Trump's actions and congratulated him for "doing what you needed to do", saying that he prayed for the safe return of US service members.^[93]

Members of the US Congress introduced a resolution under the War Powers Resolution,^[94] that would have held back Trump's attack on Iran. The resolution was already being crafted before the strikes began.^[95] The resolution would have immediately stopped US attacks sixty days (and an extra thirty if Trump writes to Congress) after Trump reported it unless Congress declares war.^[94] S.J.Res. 104 was voted on by the Senate on 4 March 2026. It failed in a 47–53 vote.^[96] On 5 March 2026, H.Con.Res. 38 , introduced in June 2025 by Thomas Massie (R-KY-4), was voted on in the House of Representatives and failed in a 212–219 vote.^[97] In a letter in regards to the proposal, Trump told the president pro tempore of the United States Senate that he attempted to negotiate with Iran but that that a diplomatic route became impossible.^[94]

Right-wing commentators additionally condemned the operation.The Daily Wire host Matt Walsh called the Trump administration's messaging "confusing" and contradictory.^[98] Walsh and Andrew Tate described armed conflict with Iran as irrelevant to the needs and interests of the American people.^[99] White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt responded to Walsh's remarks by stating that "Preventing this radical regime and its terrorist leaders from threatening America and our core national security interests is a clear-eyed and necessary objective", further claiming that the operation "correct[s] decades of cowardice and hold[s] those responsible for the deaths of Americans accountable".^[98]

Other critics of Trump, including Democratic politicians, social media influencers and users, referred to the war with satirical names to allege that the war aims to distract Americans from investigations into Trump's past with the financier and child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein in the Epstein files like the "Epstein War" and "Operation Epstein Fury" (or "Operation Epstein's Fury"), the latter being a reference to the operation codename "Operation Epic Fury".^{[100][101][102][103]}

The Center on Conscience & War reported that hotline callers oppose the Minab school attack and "dying for Israel".^[104][105]

Following Khamenei's assassination celebrations have also been reported in other parts of the world including the Iranian community in Los Angeles and New York City, condemning Khamenei while calling for regime change and Iranian freedom.^{[106][107][108]}

On the tenth day of the war Trump said: "Iran was going to destroy Israel and everything else around it … We’ve worked together. We’ve destroyed a country that wanted to destroy Israel".^[109] In regard to oil prices he said: "Short term oil prices, which will drop rapidly when the destruction of the Iran nuclear threat is over, is a very small price to pay for U.S.A., and World, Safety and Peace," Trump said in a Sunday evening Truth Social post. "ONLY FOOLS WOULD THINK DIFFERENTLY!".^[110]

During the war, top US general Dan Caine said that Iran is fighting US which he respects, but Iranian forces are not more formidable than expected.^[111]

US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth accused Iran of firing missiles from schools and hospitals and endangering civilians. He also said that Iran is "badly losing" on day 10 of the war.^[112]

US Ambassador to the United Nations Mike Waltz said that Iran's strikes on other Gulf nations will unite countries against Iran and will ultimately backfire on them.^[113] He pointed out that a record number of countries voted against Iran in the UN, and that Russia and China did not use their veto power to support Iran, an indication of Iran's increasing diplomatic isolation.^[114]

On 15 March, White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said that Iran's missile capability down 90% and drone capability down 95% since the beginning of the war.^[115]

On 17 March, Joe Kent resigned as the director of the National Counterterrorism Center, citing policy disagreements with the Trump administration regarding the war in Iran.^[116]

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the goal of the strikes was to "remove the existential threat posed by the terrorist regime in Iran", stating that "our joint action will create the conditions for the brave Iranian people to take their destiny into their own hands."^[117] Foreign minister Gideon Sa'ar said that military action against Iran was urgently needed "despite the significant risks involved", adding that "delay would have allowed the Iranian regime to reach a level of immunity for its nuclear programme, as well as to engage in the mass production of long-range ballistic missiles".^[118] Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu was the first to report and celebrate the assassination, stating "for 47 years, the Ayatollah regime has chanted 'Death to Israel' and 'Death to America.' It has spilled our blood, murdered many Americans, and slaughtered its own people."^[119] Defense Minister Israel Katz celebrated the killing, stating "he who acted to destroy Israel – has been destroyed ... Justice has been served, and the axis of evil has suffered a mortal blow."^[120]

A March 2026 survey by the Israel Democracy Institute (IDI) found that 82% of the Israeli public supported ongoing military operations, including 93% of Jewish Israelis and 26% of Arab Israelis.^[121]

The IAEA Board of Governors convened an emergency meeting requested by the Russian Federation on 2 March in the Vienna International Centre.^[122] European Union Commission President ⁠Ursula von der Leyen and Council ⁠President Antonio Costa called the conflict "greatly concerning" and urged restraint.^[123] On 1 March 2026 it was reported she supports a "credible transition" of power in Iran.^[124][125] A spokesperson for NATO stated they were closely watching the situation while a senior official told Stars and Stripes that its missile defence vigilance was heightened in order to protect its member states in the event that Iranian attacks expanded.^[126][127] Mark Rutte, NATO secretary general, said in an interview with BBC news that Europe is "supportive" of the U.S. attacks on Iran, as Iran is a "threat".^[128] He also said that he felt that the US "knows what it is doing."^[129] Progressive International condemned the US-Israeli attack.^[130] The communist parties of the United States, Iran and Israel issued a joint statement in opposition to the attack on Iran.^[131] Some far-right movements at the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (like AfD, Vlaams Belang, ANO, National Rally, Brothers of Italy, etc.) developed their own criticisms to the interventionism in Iran as against international law and the national interests of European countries, while others (like Vox, Reform UK, Fidesz, Law and Justice) supported Trumpist actions against anti-Western Islamism in the name of the free world, which shows a division between geopolitical visions (one transatlantic and pro-Israeli in the liberal conservative branchs, and the other sovereignist and anti-Zionist in the traditionalist conservative branchs).^[132][133] Sentiment in the US and Israel appears that refers to this as a religious war, with some stating this is related to the end times from the Bible.^[134]

On 16 March, Reuters reported that Gulf countries are now urging US to neutralise Iran for good due to Iranian strikes in their territories after initially opposing war against Iran.^[135][136] On 19 March, several Arab states asked for a discussion in the UN Human Rights Council to discuss Iran strikes on civilians and energy infrastructure in the region.^[137][138]

• Algeria: The Foreign Ministry condemned the attacks on Iran, calling them a "flagrant violation of sovereignty" and "an American-Zionist aggression."^[139]
• Angola: The Press Office of the President issued a statement stating that government is following the escalation with "deep concern" and called for "maximum restraint" and dialogue to cease hostilities.^[140]
• Cape Verde: President José Maria Neves said that Cape Verde has always appealed for the respect to the sovereignty of countries and international law, adding that wars "never solve problems."^[141] The Ministry of Economy warned about the impact on business and that the country counts with the support of Portugal and other countries from the UE in case of requiring assistance.^[141]
• Chad: President Mahamat Déby expressed sympathy for Iran following the attack by Israel and the United States and offered his condolences to the Islamic Republic of Iran following the announcement of the death of its supreme leader. He said that he was sending his "most sincere and heartfelt condolences" for the killing of Khamenei and that he shared "the pain of the Iranian nation in the face of this difficult ordeal".^[120]
• Djibouti: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation condemned Iran's retaliatory attacks in territory of the Gulf states, arguing that such states called for peace and were not seeking war, urging for an immediate de-escalation and a return to dialogue.^[142] Shortly after the president Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, while reaffirming alignment with Saudi Arabia by granting them access to military facilities, warned Somaliland about the possibility of establishing an Israeli base in Berbera saying that would threaten regional stability across the Horn of Africa and the neutrality of the Red Sea countries in the Israel-Houthi conflict, accusing both Israel and the UAE of driving strategic realignments across Northeast Africa that intensify the risk of current conflicts (like the Somali Civil War, Sudanese Civil War, Insurgency in Chad, Libyan crisis) and possibly merging them with the Yemeni civil war and the 2026 Iran war.^[120]
• DR Congo: The government called for restraint and responsibility while seeking a peaceful solution.^[139]
• The Gambia: President Adama Barrow held a phone call with the leaders of Kuwait, the UAE, and Jordan, expressing support in face of the Iranian attacks.^[143]
• Kenya: President William Ruto called for deescalation and condemned the Iranian strikes on its neighbours.^[144]
• Liberia: The government called for restraint and responsibility while seeking a peaceful solution.^[139]
• Libya: Libya's foreign ministry condemned both the U.S.–Israeli strikes on Iran and the Iranian retaliatory strikes on several Arab states, stating that they constitute a breach of the principles of good neighborliness and respect for state sovereignty as stipulated in international law.^[145]
• Morocco: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned the Iranian retaliatory strikes on several Arab states and reaffirmed Morocco's "solidarity with the brotherly Arab states in all legitimate measures they take to respond to this attack and protect their security".^[146] The royal cabinet released a statement saying that King Mohammed VI conversed with the leaders of the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia by telephone to express his condemnation.^[147]
• Namibia: the secretary general of SWAPO, Namibia's current ruling party, said the American-Israeli attack was "unjustified aggression and an illegal military operation".^[148]
• Nigeria: Anti-American protests have been instigated in Nigeria by Islamic Movement, which increased fears of plots against Israeli and US interests in the country.^[149]
• Seychelles: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed "deep concern" at the conflict and regretted the loss of life, calling on all parties involved to show maximum restraint.^[150]
• Somalia: The government called for restraint and responsibility while seeking a peaceful solution.^[139]
• Somaliland: President Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi held a phone call with Prime Minister Netanyahu, expressing concern at the unfolding events and calling for the protection of civilians. Abdullahi also condemned Iran's strikes on its neighbours.^[151]
• South Africa: Without mentioning any involved parties by name, on 28 February, president Cyril Ramaphosa called on the international community to "redouble efforts" regarding restraint and adherence to international law in the Middle East, with specific reference to Article 51 of the UN Charter.^[152]
• South Sudan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condemning the Iranian attacks on Gulf states, Turkey, Cyprus, and Azerbaijan, expressing solidarity to those countries and calling the Iranian strikes a violation of international law.^[153]
• Sudan: President Abdel Fattah al-Burhan condemned the Iranian strikes on Gulf states, warning that the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) would confront a radical group within the SAF calling to support Iran in case of a ground invasion.^[154] Al-Burhan said that Sudan "stands in full solidarity" with its Gulf allies and added that he will not allow any group to speak in the name of SAF on matters that "do not concern them."^[154]
• Zambia: The government co-sponsored a Bahrain-led UN Security Council resolution condemning Iranian strikes on its neighbours, calling them "egregious."^[155]

• Afghanistan: The foreign ministry said that recent US and Israeli strikes on Iran would have "long-term negative consequences" for the region, as hostilities continued to escalate (the Taliban regime is also fighting a concurrent war against Pakistan at the same time). In a statement, the Taliban expressed what it called "deep regret" over the attacks on Iran.^[156] Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi denounced the aggression against Iran and extended condolences to the Iranian government and people over the targeting of Khamenei.^[157]
• Armenia: The government and foreign ministry condemned Israel's "unilateral attack", calling it "deeply concerning".^[158]
• Azerbaijan:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Azerbaijan
  In an official statement, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs called on all parties to exercise maximum restraint and return to the negotiating table. The Ministry emphasized the importance of respecting the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and independence of all states in accordance with the UN Charter.^[159]
• Bangladesh: In an official statement, the Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern over the safety of Bangladeshis in the Middle East, and called all parties to exercise maximum restrain and return to diplomacy to resolve the differences.^[160] The statement also condemned Iran's retaliatory strikes as "violation of sovereignty" of Gulf countries. The statement was criticized as "one-sided" for not condemning Israel and the US.^[161] The following day, the foreign ministry condemned the assassination of Khamenei, calling it a "violation of international law and norms."^[162]
• Brunei: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs "strongly condemned" the United States and Israeli attacks on Iran, calling them a serious violation of sovereignty and a threat to regional stability.^[163]
• Cambodia: The Foreign Ministry called on all parties to exercise maximum restraint to avoid further escalation that would harm civilian lives and undermine peace."^[164]
• China:
  Further information: China and Russia in the 2026 Iran war
  The foreign ministry expressed concerns about the US and Israeli strikes, called for an immediate end to hostilities against Iran, and to resume dialogue. It also stressed that Iranian sovereignty must be respected.^[165] Foreign Minister Wang Yi condemned the attack.^[166] On 1 March, the foreign ministry stated that the killing of Khamenei is "a grave violation of Iran's sovereignty and security", which tramples on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and basic norms in international relations.^[167]
• India: The Ministry for External Affairs expressed its concerns and requested all three nations for a ceasefire.^[168] Prime Minister Narendra Modi, spoke with Gulf leaders^[a] and condemned the strikes and attack on sovereignty without mentioning Iran.^[169] Modi also spoke with the Israeli PM.^[170] The Indian government did not condemn the assassination of Khamenei, just like in similar previous cases.^[171] However, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri signed a condolence book a few days later without mentioning any background of Khamenei's demise.^[172]
• Indonesia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement regretting the failure of negotiations between Iran and the United States.^[173] In a call to Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, Indonesian Foreign Minister Sugiono stated President Prabowo Subianto's willingness to travel to Tehran in an attempt to mediate the conflict.^[174] Amid escalating Middle East tensions, Indonesia paused its engagement with the US-initiated Board of Peace, as domestic calls for withdrawal intensified following the US-Israel attacks on Iran.^[175]
• Japan: Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi announced on X that "As the Japanese Government, we will prepare for any potential risks, and handle it in the best possible way that we can."^[176][177] Takaichi also emphasized during the House of Representatives Budget Committee that "Japan's consistent position is that Iran's development of nuclear weapons can never be tolerated" and urged Iran to cease hostilities. However, she did not make any statements over the actions taken by Israel and the United States.^[178] Defense Minister Shinjirō Koizumi also announced that the preparations were being made to evacuate Japanese expats in the region by the Self-Defense Forces.^[179] Japan has, as of March 1, stopped short of taking sides, while continuing to analyze the events.^[180] On 5 March, Prime Minister Takaichi condemned the Iranian attacks against civilian facilities.^[181]
• Kazakhstan: President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev ordered the Security Council to ensure domestic stability following the strikes, while the ministry of foreign affairs expressed solidarity with Gulf states and condemned Iranian retaliatory actions.^[182][183]
• Laos: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed "grave concern" over the escalating violence in the Middle East, urging those involved to exercise restraint and seek a peaceful solution.^[184]
• Malaysia: Malaysia officially condemned the joint U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran and retaliatory Iranian strikes in the region, calling for de-escalation. Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim expressed a stronger stance, "unreservedly" condemning the assassination of Ali Khamenei, describing it as a "vile attempt" to destroy regional stability. He further accused Israel of lacking humanity and moved to table a parliamentary motion to condemn the attack.^[164]
• Maldives: President Mohamed Muizzu condemned attacks by all sides while expressing support for the Arab nations attacked by Iran.^[185]
• North Korea: A spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned Israel's and the United States' attacks as "illegal aggression" that "constitute the most heinous form of violation of sovereignty". The spokesperson added that "the Democratic People's Republic of Korea condemns in the strongest terms the shameless and gangster-like behaviour of the United States and Israel, who do not hesitate to abuse military force to achieve their selfish and hegemonic ambitions, placing domestic law above recognized international law", stating the "war of aggression" cannot be justified.^[186][187]
• Pakistan:
  Further information: Operation Muhafiz-ul-Bahr
  Pakistan's Foreign Minister condemned the Israeli and American strikes on Iran.^[188] He also stated he reminded Iran of the mutual defense agreement they signed with Saudi Arabia in September 2025.^[189][190]
• Philippines: President Bongbong Marcos called for a ceasefire in the Middle East and expressed support for "the countries that have come under attack".^[191]
• Singapore: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that it "regrets the failure of negotiations", calling on parties involved to return to negotiations to achieve a peaceful solution", citing international law and the UN charter.^[164]
• Thailand said it was "closely monitoring the situation with grave concern."^[192] The National Human Rights Commission of Thailand condemned the attacks on Iran, particularly the Minab school attack.^[193]
• Turkmenistan: The government of Turkmenistan, which adheres to a strong neutral international position, called the outbreak of the war "regrettable" and called for a diplomatic solution to solve the problem.^[194] The government of Turkmenistan, one of the most strict countries in travel visa regulations, opened safe ways for foreigners in Iran, especially Russians, to enter Turkmenistan as a route of evacuation.^[195]
• Uzbekistan: The ministry of foreign affairs expressed "serious concern" over the escalation of hostilities, urging all parties to exercise maximum restraint and seek a diplomatic resolution to prevent further regional instability.^[196]
•  Vietnam: The spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs formally reiterated the state's opposition to the use of force against sovereign nations, without explicitly mentioning any side of the conflict.^[197]

• Bahrain:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Bahrain
  Bahrain condemned the Iranian strikes on the headquarters of the US Navy Fifth Fleet which it hosts, calling it a "treacherous attack" and a "blatant violation of the kingdom's sovereignty and security".^[198]
• Egypt: President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi stated his full support for the Gulf states against Iranian aggression, warning from further escalation.^[199]
• Iraq:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Iraq and 2026 Iranian strikes on the Kurdistan Region
  The spokesperson for the Iraqi Prime Minister condemned the assassination of Ali Khamenei and declared three days of mourning for him.^[200] Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani condemned US-Israeli strikes on the PMF, calling them a "systematic and repeated aggression" and a "desperate attempt to cause chaos and hit social peace." Iraqi national security advisor Qasim al-Araji condemned the strikes on the PMF as a "cowardly terrorist attack."^[201] In response to plans of a Kurdish offensive into Iran, al-Araji said that Iraq will not allow an invasion of Iran to be launched from its territory, and stated that Iran had requested that Iraqi forces move to the border between the Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran to impede any aggression by Kurdish forces.^[202][202]
• Jordan:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Jordan
  The foreign ministry of Jordan strongly condemned the Iranian ballistic missile on Jordanian territory as well as the attacks targeting Gulf Arab states, with whom it expressed its "absolute solidarity," further adding that it would take "all available and necessary measures" to safeguard its citizens and protect its security and sovereignty.^[203]
• Kuwait:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Kuwait and 2026 Port Shuaiba drone attack
  Kuwait condemned the Iranian attacks on its territory as a "flagrant violation" of international law.^[123] Later Kuwait’s Emir Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah said his country is under attack by a Muslim country they consider a friend, even though Kuwait did not allow the use of our land, airspace, or waters for any military action against it.^[204]
• Lebanon:
  Further information: 2026 Lebanon war and 2026 Lebanese legal actions against Hezbollah
  Prime Minister Nawaf Salam urged restraint following the Israeli strikes on Iran, stressing that Lebanon must not be dragged into a wider regional war and should prioritize its own security and stability.^{[205][206][123]} Salam also condemned Hezbollah's decision to join the war by attacking Israel, calling it "an irresponsible and suspicious act that jeopardizes Lebanon's security and safety and provides Israel with pretexts to continue its aggression".^[207] He also said "We will not allow the country to be dragged into new adventures".^[208] In a later interview he said "We could have avoided being impacted by the conflict were it not for the strategic error committed by Hezbollah by being dragged us into it."^[209]
• Oman:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Oman
  Foreign Minister Badr Albusaidi expressed "dismay" at the outbreak of violence in spite of the 2026 Iran–United States negotiations, urging the United States to "not get sucked in further" into the conflict, adding "this is not your war."^[198] A spokesperson for the Foreign Minister condemned the strikes, calling them illegal aggression. Oman also called for a UN Security council meeting.^[210][211]
• Palestine: The Palestinian Authority condemned the Iranian retaliatory strikes on the Gulf Arab states, stating that it "affirms the solidarity of our people and their steadfastness alongside the sister Arab nations" and expressed support for "whatever measures" they take to defend themselves.^[212]
• Qatar:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Qatar
  The foreign ministry strongly condemned Iran for launching missiles at Qatari territory, calling it a violation of Qatar's sovereignty and reaffirming its right to respond.^[123] On 19 March, Qatar declared members of the Iranian military and security forces as 'persona non grata', giving them 24 hours to leave the country.^[213]
• Saudi Arabia:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on Saudi Arabia and 2026 Aramco refinery attack
  The foreign ministry condemned what it called "blatant and cowardly Iranian attacks" on Riyadh and Eastern Province, highlighting that the attacks took place in spite of the explicit closure of its airspace.^[214] In a statement released by the official press agency, Saudi Arabia condemned the "flagrant" and "brutal Iranian aggression" on its fellow Arab states of the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and Jordan, stating that it was a "blatant violation" of their sovereignty.^{[215][216][217]} Saudi Arabia claimed to have intercepted all Iranian attacks aimed at its territory and said that it would "take all necessary measures" to defend itself, "including the option of responding to aggression".^[218] Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman urged Trump to "keep hitting the Iranians hard."^[219][220]
• Syria: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it "strongly condemns the Iranian attacks" that targeted Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait and Jordan.^[221]
• Turkey: President Recep Tayyip Erdogan condemned both the U.S.–Israeli strikes on Iran and the Iranian retaliation on its neighbors. He also expressed his "sadness" at the assassination of Ali Khamenei and offered his condolences to the Iranian people.^[222] He later said the Israeli-US attacks were "illegal" and constituted a "clear violation of international law".^[223]
• United Arab Emirates:
  Further information: 2026 Iranian strikes on the United Arab Emirates
  The defense ministry condemned the Iranian attacks on its territory in the "strongest terms", calling the attacks "a dangerous escalation and a cowardly act that threatens the security and safety of civilians", and stating that it has the "full right" to respond.^[123] The UAE also closed its embassy in Tehran and withdrew all its diplomatic mission.^[224] The UAE also closed its stock exchange.^[225]

• Albania: Prime Minister Edi Rama expressed Albania's support for "the United States in militarily supporting Israel today under the leadership of President Donald Trump". He added that "we stand firm with Israel and with the peace-seeking brotherly Arab countries", and declared that Albania will designate the IRGC as a terrorist organization.^[226] While most European governments called for restraint following the escalation of violence in the Middle East, Albania emerged as one of the most outspoken supporters of the US-Israeli military action against Iran. This position reflects Albania's longstanding alignment with the United States, as well as its strained relations with Iran, which have been influenced by Albania's hosting of members of the exiled Iranian opposition group Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MEK) and Iran-sponsored cyberattacks against Albania.^[227]
• Andorra: The Minister of Foreign Affairs Imma Tor Faus expressed solidarity with the victims of the war and reaffirmed Andorra's commitment with peace.^[228] The government also announced that it is following the situation of more than 30 Andorran citizens stranded in the UAE and Qatar.^[229]
• Austria: Chancellor Christian Stocker condemned Iran's attacks on Persian Gulf nations, adding that the Iranian people deserve a "life in peace, security, and prosperity."^[230]
• Belarus: President Alexander Lukashenko called "Israel’s treacherous attack on Iran with U.S. support" "unacceptable" to Belarus.^[231]
• Belgium: Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot condemned the attacks by Iran on its neighbours in the "strongest possible terms", advising Belgian nationals in the regions to seek shelter.^[230]
• Bulgaria: The foreign ministry condemned the Iranian strikes on Gulf states, describing them as a 'dangerous military escalation' for which Iran bore responsibility. It also urged Iran to cease its military actions.^[230]
• Croatia: Foreign Minister Gordan Grlić-Radman called for deescalation and condemned Iran's "intransigence and lack of credibility" which resulted in the attacks by the US and Israel.^[230]
• Cyprus:
  Further information: 2026 drone strikes on Akrotiri and Dhekelia
  President Nikos Christodoulides condemned Iranian drone and missile attacks against several Arab states, describing them as violations of international law. He emphasized Cyprus's commitment to regional stability and called for immediate de-escalation and a return to diplomatic channels.^[230] Also protests started in Cyprus against the existence of British Cyprus bases, as the Cyprus–United Kingdom relations worsened, due to Cypriots fearing that the country could be dragged into the Iranian conflict if the bases are used for pro-US/Israel offensive activities instead of their declared defensive purposes.^{[232][233][234]}
• Czech Republic: Prime Minister Andrej Babiš declared the "uncontrollable Iranian nuclear programme and support for terrorism" a danger to the Czech Republic and to all of Europe, adding the Czech Republic stands by the US and Israel and expressed a belief that stability and peace will soon prevail in the region.^[235] Further in the day, Babiš had also labelled Iranian attacks on the various Arab states a breach of their sovereignty, given they did not participate in the initial strikes.^[236] Czech President Petr Pavel condemned the Iran's human rights violations, support for terrorism, and backing of Russia's war in Ukraine.^[237]
• Denmark: On 28 February, Foreign Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen stated, "Iran's past actions are completely unacceptable," and mentioned that Danish officials are "closely monitoring" developments in the Middle East.^[230]
• Estonia: Foreign Minister Margus Tsahkna characterized the death of Ayatollah Khamenei as a strategic blow to the Russia–Iran alliance.^[230]
• Finland: President Alexander Stubb condemned the Iranian strikes.^[238] Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen posted on X that Khamenei's assassination opens a window for long-awaited change in the Middle East, adding that "Iran has provided Russia with drones and missiles used in its war of aggression against Ukraine. Its non-compliance with nuclear non-proliferation agreements has been a constant threat to world peace".^[239]
• France: President Emmanuel Macron called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council.^[240] On 28 February 2026, Macron issued a joint statement with UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer and German Chancellor Friedrich Merz condemning Iranian attacks on regional countries.^[241] On 3 March, Macron said that France "cannot approve of" the strikes being conducted "outside of international law", and said that Iran bears primary responsibility, while also announcing movement of materiel into the Mediterranean.^[242] On 6 March, Macron condemned the Israeli attacks on Lebanon after an "unacceptable attack" on UNIFIL peacekeepers during a missile attack against Iranian-backed Hezbollah.^[243]
• Germany: Chancellor Friedrich Merz said that he was informed in advance and that deliberations were underway in a joint statement with France and the UK.^[244] Addressing concerns over the legality of military action against Iran, Merz acknowledged a "dilemma", noting that decades of reliance on international law and sanctions had proven "clearly ineffective" against the Iranian government.^[245] On 1 March, Merz labelled the Iranian government as a 'terrorist regime' responsible for decades of domestic oppression, stating that Germany shares the goal of the United States and Israel to end its 'terror'.^[246][247]
• Greece: Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis expressed support for the need to control Iran's nuclear and ballistic missiles capabilities while stressing safety for Greeks in the region.^[230]
• Hungary: Foreign Minister Péter Szijjártó emphasized that military strikes on Iran have increased the significance of the Druzhba oil pipeline.^[248]
• Ireland: Taoiseach Micheál Martin said that he was deeply concerned by developments in Iran and urged all parties to exercise restraint, in line with the principles of the UN Charter and international law. He declared that the protection of civilian life in Iran, in Israel and in all neighbouring countries must be paramount to ceasefire efforts.^[249]
• Italy: Foreign minister Antonio Tajani noted that Italy had "given Iran clear signals, but it did not back down". American bases in Italy were put on high alert and a meeting on the topic was pursued.^[250] The Ministry of Defence criticized U.S.-Israeli attacks on Iran as violations of international law and said that Italy will provide military aid only to neutral countries and Italians affected by the crossfire,^[251][252] Italy further aided Spain in voicing opposition to the use of European military bases by the US in offensive operations.^[253] Italy reported that around 58,000 Italians were stuck in the Middle East following the start of the hostilities.^[254] PM Meloni said Italy will send air-defence aid to Gulf countries.^[255][256] Meloni also condemned the Minab school attack, labelling it a "massacre."^[257][258]
• Kosovo: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement supporting the strikes on Iran.^[259]
• Latvia: Foreign Minister Baiba Braže reacted to the death of Ali Khamenei by saying the world would not mourn him, calling it a relief for the Iranian people and expressing hope for a future free of oppression.^[230]
• Liechtenstein: The government issued a statement calling for deescalation, regional stability, and the protection of civilians, while condemning the Iranian strikes on its neighbours.^[260]
• Lithuania: Foreign Minister Kęstutis Budrys issued a statement regarding the death of Ali Khamenei, stating that the "hope for [a] better future, for [the] Iranian people — but also for Israelis and all of the Middle East — seems to have come closer."^[230]
• Luxembourg: Prime Minister Luc Frieden said that he "supports the Iranian people", stressing that they must now be allowed to "decide their future, free from violence and oppression."^[230]
• Malta: Deputy Prime Minister Ian Borg condemned Iran's retaliatory attacks, conveying support for Qatar and the UAE.^[230]
• Netherlands: Prime Minister Rob Jetten has maintained a critical stance toward Tehran, calling for a cessation of its military activities and highlighting the Dutch government's "deep concerns" regarding the Iran's internal repression and its role in regional escalation.^[230]
• North Cyprus: Foreign Minister Tahsin Ertuğruloğlu declared that "There is no need for Turkish Cypriot people to panic" because the TRNC has no "military targets of any country" unlike the Southern part.^[261]
• Norway: Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said: "The attack is ⁠described by Israel as a preventive strike, but ⁠it is not in line with international law. Preventive attacks require an immediately imminent threat."^[123]
• North Macedonia: Foreign Minister Timčo Mucunski said that North Macedonia "stands by American allies in the face of destabilizing forces in the Middle East."^[262]
• Poland: President Karol Nawrocki stated that Poland had been aware of the military actions in advance through established communication channels with allied nations.^[230] On 3 March 2026, Defense Minister Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz stated that Poland was not participating in U.S. military operations against Iran, noting that no such request had been made. He warned that a prolonged Middle East conflict could jeopardize arms supplies to Ukraine and provide an economic boost to Russia via increased energy prices.^[263] In a March 2026 interview with Rzeczpospolita, Polish Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski stated that he had not witnessed a "direct threat" to Europe, the United States, or Israel from Iran prior to U.S.-Israeli strikes.^[264]
• Portugal: Prime Minister Luís Montenegro called for maximum restraint in order to avoid escalation, but condemned Iran for unjustifiably attacking neighbouring countries, insisting on the cessation of the country's nuclear programme and urging Iran to respect the human rights of its people.^[265] He defended his government's decision to allow the United States to use Lajes Air Base in the Azores for logistical support during military operations against Iran.^[266]
• Romania: Foreign Minister Oana Țoiu condemned the Iran's internal crackdown and its military aid to Russia, stating that the announcement of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei's death marked a significant turning point.^[230] On 3 March 2026, the foreign ministers of Romania and Poland called on all parties involved in the escalating Middle East tensions to exercise maximum restraint, respect international law, and protect civilians.^[267]
• Russia:
  Further information: China and Russia in the 2026 Iran war
  Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov condemned the attacks by the United States and Israel as a "reckless step" and a "deliberate, premeditated, and unprovoked act of armed aggression",^[268] accusing them of pushing the region into a "humanitarian, economic, and potentially even radiological disaster".^[269] In a 6 March statement, Vladimir Putin expressed condolences over the death of Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and declared the Russian support for Iran through the "need for an immediate cessation of hostilities, the abandonment of forceful solutions to problems around Iran and throughout the Middle East, and a swift return to the path of political and diplomatic resolution", as also reafirmed Russian neutrality by being in contact with leaders of the Gulf states to aid them.^[270]
• Slovakia: Prime Minister Robert Fico expressed solidarity with countries affected by the attack on Iran—specifically the United Arab Emirates—noting that retaliatory actions were expected.^[230]
• Slovenia: the government stated that it is following the events with concern and urged for deescalation, warning that the war could have serious consequences for regional and international security.^[230]

• Spain:
  Further information: Spain in the 2026 Iran war
  Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez stated his government's "rejection" of "the unilateral military action of the United States and Israel, which represents an escalation and contributes to a more uncertain and hostile international order" as well as of "the actions of the Iranian regime and the Revolutionary Guard", demanding "immediate de-escalation" and negotiations aimed at a "lasting political solution".^[271][272] Such declarations provoked inner struggles with the pro-US/Israel far-right politicians from PP and Vox (who accused him of subordinating Spanish foreign policy to his own interests and of the PSOE instead of the free world in a war against tyranny).^[273][274] Similarly, the far-left criticised the hypocrisy of the "No War" anti-imperialist speeches when there's still Spanish participation in the 2026 Iran war through the regional mobilizations in British Cyprus bases and NATO missions in the Middle East that makes Spain "accomplice" of the American imperialism and Israeli irredentism.^[275] The Spanish government denied the US the use of joint military bases at Rota and Morón to carry out attacks on Iran. Foreign Minister José Manuel Albares stated that "The bases are not being used – nor will they be used – for anything that is not in the agreement [with the US], nor for anything that isn't covered by the UN charter."^[276][277] Fifteen US aircraft were reportedly seen leaving the bases shortly afterward.^[276] In response, Trump threatened to halt all trade with Spain and even impose an embargo.^[278][279] However Sánchez maintained its posture despite the risks of leaving Spain in a diplomatic isolation on Europe,^[280] declaring that the US-Israel war on Iran is a "big error" which only developed a conflict that is foreign to Europe and is dragging the Eastern Mediterranean region to instability.^{[272][281][282]} On 7 March, Spain also condemned the Israeli invasion of Lebanon during the 2026 Lebanon war.^[283] On 11 March, Spain withdrew its ambassador to Israel permanently.^[284]
• Sweden: Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson denounced Iranian counterattacks and criticized the Iran's "oppression" of its own citizens. He further identified Iran's nuclear program and its support for militant groups as long-term "destabilizing factors" in the Middle East and Europe.^[230]
• Ukraine: President Volodymyr Zelenskyy supported the Israeli–US strikes, stating that "it is important that the United States is acting decisively. Whenever there is American resolve, global criminals weaken. This understanding must also come to the Russians", adding that "in the end, the Middle East region will become safer and more stable."^[268] The foreign ministry said that "the cause of the current ⁠events is precisely ⁠the violence and impunity of the Iranian regime, ⁠in particular the killings and ⁠repression of ⁠peaceful protesters, which have become particularly widespread in recent ‌months."^[123] Zelenskyy also alleges that Russia is supplying Iran with Shahed drones for use against the US and Israel.^[285]
• United Kingdom:
  Further information: United Kingdom involvement in the 2026 Iran war
  The Government urged de-escalation to avoid "wider regional conflict" and stated that it had bolstered "defensive capabilities" and that consular support was being offered to British citizens in the region.^[286] Prime Minister Keir Starmer confirmed that British planes are "in the sky" but "played no role" in the Israeli–US strikes, calling on Iran to refrain from further strikes and stop the "appalling violence and repression against the Iranian people".^[287] Starmer added that Iran had backed more than 20 "potentially lethal attacks" in the UK over the last year, and that "it is clear they must never be allowed to develop a nuclear weapon."^[288] The UK initially did not permit the US to use British military bases for the attack, including RAF Fairford and the military bases on Diego Garcia.^[289] However, Starmer later agreed to let the US use British military bases for defensive purposes. He claimed this decision complies with international law.^[290] The government also stated that it had bolstered "defensive capabilities" in the region and that consular support was being offered to British citizens in the region.^[286] Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper accused Iran of trying to drag Lebanon into the war.^[291] Home Secretary Shabana Mahmood approved the request from the Metropolitan Police to ban the annual Iran-linked Quds Day march from taking place in London.^[292]

• Vatican City: Pope Leo XIV called on the involved nations to stop what he called the "spiral of violence" and warned that the war could lead to a "tragedy of enormous proportions." He also warned: "I address to the parties involved a heartfelt appeal to assume the moral responsibility to stop the spiral of violence before it becomes an irreparable abyss!"^[293] Blase Cupich, an American Catholic Cardinal who is close with the Pope, referred to a video released by the White House of attacks on Iran mixed with Hollywood film clips as "horrifying" and "sickening".^[294] The Patriarch of Baghdad, Cardinal Louis Raphaël I Sako, stated that "We are afraid because we are neighbours with Iran, and many Iraqis are Shiite. There is a double concern" and advertised that if Assyrian Christians are forced to leave again from the Nineveh Plains (like it happened during ISIS occupation), they will not return this time and instead will leave their homes at the Assyrian homeland. He urged to all influential international actors to use diplomacy to solve the Middle Eastern crisis, as also tried interfaith dialogue with local Muslim leaders to raise common voices for peace and fraternity.^[295]

• Antigua and Barbuda: Prime Minister Gaston Browne expressed concern at the escalation of the conflict and condemned Iran's strikes on its neighbours.^[296]
• Bahamas: Prime Minister Philip Davis stated that the government is closely monitoring the situation, warning Bahamians that the war could harshly impact the cost of living due to the country being dependent on international trade, now impacted by the conflict.^[297][298] The Minister of Economic Affairs Michael Halkitis said that the Bahamas hope for a return to normalcy, advising Bahamians in the region to seek shelter.^[299]
• Barbados: The government urged Iran to uphold respect for international law and halt attacks on its neighbours, while subscribing to UN chief Gutérres's demand on all parties to exercise restraint and avoid further escalation.^[300][301]
• Canada:
  Further information: Canada and the 2026 Iran war
  Prime Minister Mark Carney expressed support for U.S. and Israeli air strikes on Iran, describing the country as "the principal source of instability and terror throughout the Middle East" and a threat to international security.^[302] Carney later said that he supported the strikes "with regret, because the current conflict is another example of the failure of the international order".^[303] Carney also said the US-Israeli attack on Iran appeared to be "inconsistent with international law."^[304]
• Costa Rica: Foreign Minister Arnoldo André Tinoco said that Costa Rica expects a "big conflict" following the American and Israeli attacks, adding that the war can disrupt global trade and travel.^[305] André also expressed Costa Rica's "energetic condemnation" of the Iranian attacks against its neighbours.^[305]
• Cuba: President Miguel Díaz-Canel condemned the US and Israeli strikes.^[306]
• Dominica: The government issued a statement expressing "deep concern" at the events in Iran, urging for restraint and the protection of civilians. The government also commended the governments of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait, for demonstrating "leadership, restraint, and maturity."^[307]
• Dominican Republic: The government said it "strongly condemns" the Iranian strikes on its neighbours and called on all parties involved to show restraint and seek a peaceful solution.^[308]
• Guatemala: The government issued a statement reaffirming its commitment to the UN charter, highlighting international law, state sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful solutions to conflicts.^[309]
• Honduras: President Nasry Asfura avoided mentioning any country, but issued a statement on the conflict saying that Honduras supports "countries that defend their security", expressing solidarity with those who defend regional peace in the Middle East.^[310]
• Mexico: President Claudia Sheinbaum condemned the use of military force to impose changes, further criticising the United Nations, which she said had "stopped doing its job."^[311] Sheinbaum also expressed support for Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez over Spain's rift with the US, saying that "[Sánchez's] position to bet for peace is very respectable."^[312]
• Nicaragua: Co-president Rosario Murillo condemned the attacks on Iran and sent condolences over the "martyrdom of the Iranian people, of Ayatollah Khamenei, and his family."^[313]
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Prime Minister Godwin Friday expressed concern at the impact of the war in the Caribbean region, and told citizens to "brace" for the economic consequences, saying that "the bombs may not fall here, but they have serious implications for us and for other countries around the region."^[314]
• Trinidad and Tobago: Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar said that Trinidad and Tobago "supports the actions of the United States and Israel and its allies aimed at preventing oppressive regimes from acquiring nuclear weapons capabilities that would jeopardise international peace and security".^[296] She called Iran's nuclear program a "global threat" and expressed solidarity with the countries attacked by Iran.^[296]

• Australia:
  Further information: Australian involvement in the 2026 Iran war
  Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, in a joint statement with Foreign Minister Penny Wong and Defence Minister Richard Marles, expressed support for US and Israeli strikes, also stating Australia stood with "the brave people of Iran in their struggle against oppression".^[315] Australia later granted seven members of the Iranian women's national football team, who had been competing in Australia, humanitarian visas to allow them to stay in the country following fears of their safety in returning to Iran after they refused to sing the Iranian national anthem before their first fixture.^[316] In the days that followed, five of them withdrew their asylum applications and indicated a wish to return to Iran; three of those who had initially chosen to remain returned on 14 March, and a fifth player withdrew her asylum request on 15 March.
• Cook Islands: Prime Minister Mark Brown ordered senior officials to take measures to secure fuel supply and other essential goods and services for the islanders, while assuring that the country could be affected economically by the war due to being in the final link of the global supply chain.^[317]
• Fiji: Foreign Minister Sakiasi Ditoka called for restraint and urged for a peaceful solution in accordance with international law.^[318] The commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces said that Fijian soldiers in the region were safe and told their families to remain calm, assuring that the military operations were far from the Fijian facilities.^[319]
• New Zealand: Prime Minister Christopher Luxon and Foreign Affairs Minister Winston Peters in a joint statement said "New Zealand has consistently condemned Iran's Nuclear programme, its destablilising activities in the region and elsewhere, and its repression of its own people", acknowledging the US/Israeli strikes were "designed to prevent Iran from continuing to threaten international peace and security" and calling for a resumption of negotiations and adherence to international law.^[320]
• Papua New Guinea: Foreign Minister Justin Tkatchenko expressed support for the US and Israel, accusing Iran of harbouring terrorism. Prime Minister James Marape conveyed sympathies for Israel and the UAE, asking for a total restoration of peace in the Middle East and beyond.^[321] Following the open support by PNG to the US and Israel, Jerry Singirok, a former commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force, urged PM Marape to take a neutral stance due to risks that aligning with the US and Israel would mean for security of PNG, especially of service members at the recently upgraded Lombrum Naval Base on Manus Island.^[322]
• Vanuatu: A government spokesman said that Vanuatu maintains a non-aligned position about conflicts between "big countries", adding that Vanuatu supports peace, while warning citizens about the possible negative effects on local economy as a result of the war, including rising inflation.^[323]

• Argentina: President Javier Milei said during a visit to New York City on 9 March that he is "proud to be the most Zionist president in the world", adding that because "Iran bombed us (Argentina) twice [...] Iran is our enemy and we will win this war."^[324][325] Foreign Minister Pablo Quirno expressed support for the US and Israel, saying that their military operations seek a "lasting stability in the world and security in the region".^[326][327]
• Bolivia: The government issued a statement reaffirming Bolivia's commitment to peace and urging the international community to uphold the observance of human rights. The statement also advised Bolivians in the region to seek consular assistance.^[328]
• Brazil: Brazil condemned the attacks on Iran.^[329] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned and expressed "grave concern" for the attacks, urging all parties involved to "respect International Law and to exercise maximum restraint to prevent an escalation of hostilities and to ensure the protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure".^[330][329]
• Chile: The outgoing government, headed by Gabriel Boric, condemned "the attacks against Iran perpetrated by the United States in conjunction with Israel, as well as the Iranian regime's response against Israel and Gulf states", expressed its concern about the military escalation in the region and called for an end to the violence, reaffirming its commitment to nuclear non-proliferation.^[331] Incoming president José Antonio Kast released a statement saying that Chile must align with democratic nations, expressing concern at civilian casualties in the strikes and the risks of the Iranian nuclear programme. Kast's office also condemned Iran's actions against its neighbours.^[332]
• Colombia: President Gustavo Petro condemned the US and Israeli strikes on Iran and the assassination of Khamenei, accusing Prime Minister Netanyahu of "killing 108 schoolgirls" in one of the airstrikes.^[333] Petro later called for a "global front" against war and said that he will summon a peace conference to assure that the ongoing war will not hinder possibilities of a Palestinian state.^[334]
• Ecuador: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement condemning Iranian strikes on its neighbours.^[335]
• Guyana: The Foreign Ministry called for de-escalation and expressed solidarity with the Arab countries attacked by Iran, condemning Iranian strikes on them.^[296]
• Paraguay: Foreign Minister Rubén Ramírez Lezcano expressed support for Israel during a phone call with Israeli FM Gideon Sa'ar, while President Santiago Peña condemned Iran's strikes on Arab neighbours.^[336] Peña later expressed support of the US-Israeli strikes against Iran and warned of the "failed world governance" imposed after World War II.^[337]
• Peru: The government issued a statement condemning the Iranian strikes on its neighbours and called for peace in the region.^[338]
• Uruguay: The Ministry of Foreign Relations issued a statement expressing the Government's "grave concern" over the escalation of violence resulting from military operations conducted by the United States and Israel, as well as Iran's military response targeting neighbouring countries.^[339] The statement further noted that Uruguay, as a "country committed to the promotion of peace", urges the parties involved to resume diplomatic channels in order to address issues related to "the nuclear question".^[340]
• Venezuela: The Foreign Ministry condemned the strikes on Iran, calling them a "dangerous and unprecedented" escalation amid diplomatic talks to reach a nuclear deal. The message was later removed from social media after the confirmation of the death of Khamenei.^[341] Venezuela also condemned Iran's attacks on its neighbours as "undue and condemnable" and blamed a lack of dialogue in the region as a cause for the events.^[306][123]

• Coalition of Political Forces of Iranian Kurdistan: Representatives from the coalition stated that they were jointly coordinating political and military decisions and preparing for a new phase, claiming that their forces were "deep inside Iran" and along the Iran–Iraq border, ready to respond as the situation develops.^[342]
• Hamas: Hamas in the Gaza Strip condemned the "Zionist-American hostilities on the Islamic Republic" and affirmed its solidarity with Iran, further calling for Muslim unity in the face of US-Israeli attempts "to establish 'Greater Israel' at the expense of Arab and Muslim lands."^[343] Hamas later urged Iran to stop "avoid targeting neighboring countries" and expressed its "deep concern."^[344]
• Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba: HNN Secretary-General Akram al-Kaabi condemned the Israeli–American attacks on Iran and vowed to join the war, stating "our mujahideen and heroes are not those who speak in gatherings saying, 'if only we had been with you' and then they cower on the battlefield."^[345]
• Hezbollah: Hezbollah in Lebanon condemned the US-Israeli strikes, stating "we are confident that the American and Israeli enemy will receive a great slap and will reap nothing but failure from its tyrannical, criminal aggression."^[346] After the assassination of Ali Khamenei was confirmed, Hezbollah Secretary-General Naim Qassem vowed to retaliate and "undertake our duty of confronting the aggression", stating that Hezbollah would not leave "the field of honour and resistance". Hezbollah joined the war on 2 March launching strikes on Israel.^[347] Israeli defense minister Israel Katz stated that Qassem is "marked for elimination".^[348]
• Houthi movement: The Houthi movement in Yemen threatened to escalate their conflict in the Red Sea.^[349] They decided to resume missile and drone attacks on US and Israeli-flagged ships in the Red Sea.^[350] Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi said that his forces are "in a state of high readiness for any necessary developments", adding that Iran's retaliatory strikes are a "legitimate right and is not a targeting of the countries in which the American bases are located".^[346]
• Kata'ib Hezbollah: KH in Iraq threatened to "soon begin attacking US bases in response to their aggression" after a strike in Jurf al-Nasr area of Iraq's Babylon Governorate killed two people and injured three others.^[351] KH also threatened a prolonged war with the United States, saying that "we must drag [the United States] into a long war of attrition […] in which we leave no American presence in the region generally, especially in Iraq."^[345]
• Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada: KSS leader Abu Ala al-Walai justified the Iranian retaliatory strikes on neighboring Arab states, claiming that they only targeted American sites and personnel. He also claimed that U.S. personnel had "fled their bases scattered throughout the Gulf countries and sought refuge in hotels and civilian buildings" to prompt Iran to strike cities and civilian infrastructure in the Gulf.^[345]
• Kurdistan Region: Nechirvan Barzani, President of the autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq expressed condolences for the martyrdom of the late Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, stating that "we sympathize and share in their grief, we pray to Almighty God to bless his soul with His mercy and kindness and to grant patience and comfort to everyone."^[352] Following the targeting of Erbil International Airport and the Consulate General of the United States in Erbil by Iranian missiles,^[353] a senior commander of the Peshmerga stated that his forces were on alert and "prepared for any eventuality".^[354]
• Libyan National Army: Khalifa Haftar, LNA Supreme Commander and de facto leader in eastern Libya, expressed his "strong condemnation of the blatant Iranian attacks targeting the UAE" stressing that "these attacks represent a serious violation and a direct threat to the stability of the region" and expressed full solidarity with the UAE.^[355]
• Palestinian Islamic Jihad: PIJ condemned the strikes, stating that Iran has the right "to defend itself and deter opponents" and that "these hostilities target not only Iran, but all countries and people of our nation, and seek to impose domination by war criminals."^[343]
• Polisario Front: Polisario Front representative to Spain Abdulah Arabi condemned the Spanish government's lack of "coherence" by condemning the war on Iran but while not supporting Sahrawi independence, stating that while countries must uphold international law, "they must also be consistent in their defense of international law with regard to Western Sahara."^[356]
• Popular Mobilization Forces: The PMF condemned U.S. airstrikes targeting its several headquarters and bases across Iraq, condemning them as "sinful air attacks" and a "blatant transgression" and a serious violation of Iraq's sovereignty.^[357]

• Arab League: Arab League Secretary-General Ahmed Aboul Gheit condemned the Iranian attacks on several Arab states, calling them "fully reprehensible" and a "grave Iranian strategic mistake," constituting "not only a blatant violation of international law and the UN charter, but also an assault on the principles of good neighborliness." An Arab League emergency meeting has been scheduled for 8 March 2026.^[358]
• European Union: European Commission President ⁠Ursula von der Leyen and Council ⁠President António Costa called the conflict "greatly concerning" and urged restraint.^[123] On 1 March 2026, von der Leyen stated that she supported a "credible transition" of power in Iran.^[124][125] The EU officially called for de-escalation and diplomatic initiatives with the help of the Gulf countries, adjacent regions in Africa and the Indo-Pacific that are also affected by the War.^[359]
• Gulf Cooperation Council: The GCC convened an emergency council meeting and ordered Iran to cease attacks on Arab countries immediately.^[360]
• International Atomic Energy Agency: The IAEA convened an emergency meeting requested by the Russian Federation on 2 March.^[361]
• NATO: A NATO spokesperson stated they were closely watching the situation while a senior official told Stars and Stripes that its missile defence vigilance was heightened in order to protect its member states in the event that Iranian attacks expanded.^[126][127] Mark Rutte, NATO secretary general, said in an interview with BBC that Europe is "supportive" of the United States attacks on Iran stating that Iran is a "threat".^[128] Trump thanked NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte for his support.^[362]
• The Shanghai Cooperation Organization expressed serious concern over the conflict. The statement also stated that member states of the SCO consider the use of force as unacceptable.^[363]

A 2 March CNN showed that 59% of Americans opposed the U.S. military action against Iran while 41% supported it.^[364][365] A Reuters/Ipsos poll found that 47% disapprove of the strikes while 27% approve of them.^[366][367]

A 2 March 2026 YouGov poll found that Britons opposed the attacks by 49% to 28%. A 10 March 2026 poll found that 59% opposed.^[368]

A March Angus Reid 2026 poll found that 48% of Canadians opposed the air strikes against Iran, while 34% supported them.^[369]

A March 2026 Infratest-dimap poll found that 58% of Germans said US attacks on Iran were not justified.^[370]

A poll found that 68% of respondents rejected the US and Israel’s attacks on Iran.^[371]

A poll found that 56% opposed the US and Israel’s attacks against Iran.^[371]

A March poll found that 39% opposed US-Israeli military actions in Iran while only 28% supported them.^[372]

A March 2026 survey by the Israel Democracy Institute (IDI) found that 82% of the Israeli public supported ongoing military operations, including 93% of Jewish Israelis and 26% of Arab Israelis.^[373]

Several "Hands Off Iran" protests were organized in the United States. Approximately 100 people attended a rally at Federal Plaza in Chicago.^[374][375] In Columbus, Ohio, a protest was held in Goodale Park.^[376] In Indianapolis, a protest was held at Military Park.^[377] Indivisible Jax organized a protest in Jacksonville, Florida.^[378] Hundreds of people gathered at Times Square in New York City.^[379][380] Approximately 100 people gathered at Pioneer Courthouse Square in downtown Portland, Oregon.^{[381][382][383]} In Seattle, anti-war protesters gathered at Pike Place Market.^[384]

On 1 March, a shooting at a bar in Austin, Texas, was carried out by an American man of Senegalese descent wearing a shirt that read "Property of Allah" and an undershirt bearing the flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran.^[385] The same day, a local gym owned by an Iranian-Canadian anti-regime activist located outside Toronto was shot with 17 bullets, hours after Khamenei's death.^{[386][387][388]} On 10 March, two suspects fired multiple shots at the U.S. Consulate in Toronto, an act the Royal Canadian Mounted Police designated a "national security incident." Prime Minister Mark Carney condemned the shooting as "reprehensible violence," while Ontario Premier Doug Ford called the attack "absolutely unacceptable." In response, the RCMP heightened security at U.S. and Israeli diplomatic missions in Toronto and Ottawa.^[389][390]

Gulf Arab businessmen, like Emirati billonaire Khalaf al-Habtoor, sent protests to Donald Trump for dragging the region into war with Iran without any consultation and questioning if the US calculated the risks for the Arab countries security and if their military activity was an initiative from the Trump administration or by pressures from the State of Israel and its own agenda in the context of Arab–Israeli conflict.^[391]

In Baghdad, demonstrators reacting to Khamenei's assassination confronted security forces near the Green Zone, and protesters attempted to storm the US embassy and block roads leading to it. Protesters were seen waving flags and shouting slogans while mourning Khamenei.^[392]

Riots broke out near the US consulate in Karachi in response to the assassination, with demonstrators burning and smearing the building's windows and attempting to storm it. As protests escalated, U.S. Marine Security Guard personnel at the consulate in Karachi opened fire, killing at least 10 protesters and injuring over 60 people.^[393][394] Demonstrators also vandalized several other buildings in Pakistan, including a regional office affiliated with the UNMOGIP in Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan.^[395][393]

There have also been protests and violent unrest in Bahrain by the Shiite majority, directed against the ruling Sunni Al-Khalifa dynasty and the United States. Bahraini authorities have arrested people for celebrating Iranian strikes on sites in Bahrain or posting footage of Iranian strikes online.^{[396][397][398]}

On 8 March, an explosion was reported at the Embassy of the United States in Oslo, Norway.^[399][400] On 9 March, an explosion was reported in Liège, Belgium, where it caused damage to a synagogue.^[401]

There has been betting on events and the outcome of the war, prompting US politicians to call for a ban on such speculation, raising questions about whether the bets were based on insider information and what betting markets should be allowed. Notably, Polymarket has been used extensively, with betters making large winnings on various activities during the early days of the war.^[402]

• Reactions to the assassination of Ali Khamenei
• Reactions to the Twelve-Day War
• Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests
• International reactions to the 2026 United States intervention in Venezuela
• Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war
• 2026 Internet blackout in Iran