Punjabi Language Movement

This article is about the movement in Pakistan. For the 1947–1966 movement demanding a Punjabi-speaking state in India, see Punjabi Suba movement.
Punjabi Language Movement
Public demonstration in Lahore
Location
Punjab, Pakistan
Caused by
Methods
Parties
  • Punjabi Parchar
  • World Punjabi Congress
  • Punjabi Khoj Garh
  • Punjabi Lok Sujag

The Punjabi Language Movement (Punjabi: پنجابی زبان تحریک, romanized: Pañjābī zabān tahrīk, pronounced [pəɲˈd͡ʒaːbːi zəˈbaːn təɦˈɾik]; abbreviated as PLM) is a socio-political movement in Punjab, Pakistan, advocating the recognition of the Punjabi language, as well as culture and literature, in Pakistan to allow its use in government affairs, education, and media.[1][2][3][4][5]

Today, the Punjabi people constitute the largest ethnic group in the country, though Urdu was given status as the sole national language of the country, following independence.[6] Unlike Indian Punjab, where reading and writing the Punjabi language is compulsory at every level from 2008,[7] alongside a special Punjabi University at Patiala, Punjabi does not have any kind of official status in Pakistan and is merely recognised as a nominal "provincial language" in Pakistani Punjab.[8] The PLM's ideologies are based on Punjabi nationalism.

History

In 1908, Mian Shafi, a Muslim elite, opposed Prof. Mukherjee's comment that Punjabi should become the provincial language of the British province of Punjab, refuting that the language of Muslims was Urdu. Jinnah opposed Motilal Nehru's 1928 proposal that every province should have its own language alongside the Hindustani language as the national language, with Jinnah stating that Urdu was the language of Muslims in a communication to Jawaharlal Nehru. Liaqat Ali Khan opposed a 1937 proposal by Gandhi to deliver free education to children in their mother tongue.[9]

When Pakistan was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in West Pakistan and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as whole, English and Urdu were chosen as the official languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the leaders of the new nation wanted a unifying national language instead of promoting one ethnic group's language over another, due to this the Punjabi elites started identifying with Urdu more than Punjabi because they saw it as a unifying force on an ethnoreligious perspective.[10] Broadcasting in Punjabi language by Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation decreased on TV and radio after 1947. Article 251 of the Constitution of Pakistan declares that these two languages would be the only official languages at the national level, while provincial governments would be allowed to make provisions for the use of other languages.[11] However, in the 1950s the constitution was amended to include the Bengali language.

Punjabi is not a language of instruction for primary or secondary school students in Punjab Province (unlike Sindhi and Pashto in other provinces).[12] Pupils in secondary schools can choose the language as an elective, while Punjabi instruction or study remains rare in higher education. One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department.[13][14]

In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan. Until the 1970s, there were a large number of Punjabi-language films being produced by the Lollywood film industry, however since then Urdu has become a much more dominant language in film production. Additionally, television channels in Punjab Province (centred on the Lahore area) are broadcast in Urdu. The preeminence of Urdu in both broadcasting and the Lollywood film industry is seen by critics as being detrimental to the health of the language.[15][16] Zia-ul Haq banned three works promoting the Punjabi language.[17] Until the early 1990s, members of the Punjab Assembly were forbidden to address the house in Punjabi.[18] However, this ban was lifted by Hanif Ramay yet was re-instated shortly after.[18]

The use of Urdu and English as the near-exclusive languages of broadcasting, the public sector, and formal education have led some to fear that Punjabi in Pakistan is being relegated to a low-status language and that it is being denied an environment where it can flourish. Several prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have echoed the opinion that the intentional promotion of Urdu and the continued denial of any official sanction or recognition of the Punjabi language amounts to a process of "Urdu-isation" that is detrimental to the health of the Punjabi language[19][20][21] In August 2015, the Pakistan Academy of Letters, International Writer's Council (IWC) and World Punjabi Congress (WPC) organised the Khawaja Farid Conference and demanded that a Punjabi-language university should be established in Lahore and that Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level.[22][23] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province.[24][25] Additionally, several thousand Punjabis gather in Lahore every year on International Mother Language Day. Thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals also demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres.[26][27][28]

Despite being the most-widely spoken language in Pakistan, the language is in decline.[29][30][31] The Punjabi language's decline in Pakistan has been attributed to various causes, such as lack of official recognition, lack of prestige, promotion of Urdu and English, to dispell fears of Punjabi domination by ethnic minorities, and other factors.[32][18][17][33] The language has been relegated to informal communication, also as a means for crude humour, abuse, and to connect with uneducated masses.[18] Parents who speak Punjabi opt to only communicate to their children in Urdu or English, with Punjabi being seen as paindu (shorthand for "backwardness" or "uneducated").[34] In June 2024, the Punjab Assembly passed a resolution to allow lawmakers to communicate in Punjabi.[35] In October 2024, the Punjab province's assembly passed a resolution to make Punjabi an official subject across more sectors of the education system as a compulsory subject.[36] In March 2024, Maryam Nawaz announced the introduction of Punjabi as a subject in schools.[37] In November 2025, Maryam Nawaz again pushed for the inclusion of Punjabi language education in Pakistan's educational institutions.[38][39][40] There is currently a Punjabi language revitalisation movement in Pakistan.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ Staff Report (21 February 2011). "Punjab wants its mother tongue back". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  2. ^ Brown, Michael Edward (2003). Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262523332.
  3. ^ Kamal, Neel (14 September 2015). "A march for Punjabi revival in Pak's Punjab". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  4. ^ Soofi, Mushtaq (27 February 2015). "Punjab Notes: Mother language, people and politicians". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  5. ^ Punjabi Language Movement
  6. ^ Service, Tribune News (19 February 2016). "Thousands to march for Punjabi in Lahore". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  7. ^ "Punjab Cabinet Okays to amend Punjabi official language Act". Zee News (in Latin). 3 September 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  8. ^ "Punjabi as medium of instruction". The Nation. 2019-08-21. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
  9. ^ Aslam, Irfan (21 February 2023). "Punjabis themselves are oppressing their language". Dawn. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  10. ^ Ahmed, Ishtiaq (14 July 2020). "Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi". Fair Observer. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Chapter 4: "General." of Part XII: "Miscellaneous"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 30 December 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  12. ^ Zaidi, Abbas. "Linguistic cleansing: the sad fate of Punjabi in Pakistan". Archived from the original on 29 October 2016.
  13. ^ University of the Punjab (2015), "B.A. Two-Year (Pass Course) Examinations"
  14. ^ University of the Punjab (2015). "Department of Punjabi". Archived from the original on 27 November 2016.
  15. ^ Masood, Tariq (21 February 2015). "The colonisation of language". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  16. ^ Warraich, Faizan; Ali, Haider (15 September 2015). "Intelligentsia urges govt to promote Punjabi language". DailyTimes. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  17. ^ a b Abbas, Mazhar (23 February 2025). "Punjabi, a dying language?". The News. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  18. ^ a b c d Ahmed, Ishtiaq (14 July 2020). "Why Punjabis in Pakistan Have Abandoned Punjabi". Fair Observer. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  19. ^ "Punjabis Without Punjabi". apnaorg.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  20. ^ "Inferiority complex declining Punjabi language: Punjab University Vice-Chancellor". PPI News Agency
  21. ^ "Urdu-isation of Punjab – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  22. ^ "Rally for ending 150-year-old 'ban on education in Punjabi". The Nation. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  23. ^ "Sufi poets can guarantee unity". The Nation. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 October 2015.
  24. ^ "Supreme Court's Urdu verdict: No language can be imposed from above". The Nation. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  25. ^ "Two-member SC bench refers Punjabi language case to CJP". Business Recorder. 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  26. ^ "Mind your language—The movement for the preservation of Punjabi". The Herald. 2 September 2106.
  27. ^ "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". The Times of India. 4 October 2015.
  28. ^ "Rally for Ending the 150-year-old Ban on Education in Punjabi" The Nation. 21 February 2011.
  29. ^ Usman, Noah (31 January 2022). "How to Preserve the Punjabi Language". American Pakistan Foundation. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  30. ^ Haider, Mehtab (17 November 2024). "Punjabi tops as 'most spoken language' in Pakistan". Geo News. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  31. ^ Abbas, Furrakh & Chuhan, Muhammad & Ahmed, Marghoob & Kaleem, Muhammad. (2016). PUNJABI LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Hamdard Islamicus: quarterly journal of the Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan. 39. 1-12. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341314184_PUNJABI_LANGUAGE_IN_PAKISTAN_PAST_PRESENT_AND_FUTURE
  32. ^ Piracha, Rehan; Ali, Mateen (1 January 2025). "Apnay Kaar Wich Punjabi Pardesi". voicepk.net. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  33. ^ Mohta, Nikita (18 April 2025). "The fight to keep Punjabi alive in Pakistan". The Indian Express. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  34. ^ Randhawa, F. (15 October 2025). "How Punjab Can Reclaim Its Language And Lead A More Inclusive Pakistan". The Friday Times. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  35. ^ "Pakistan's Punjab Assembly allows lawmakers to use of Punjabi language in house". Times of India. 7 June 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  36. ^ Kamal, Neel (31 October 2024). "Pak Pb assembly OKs resolution to make Pbi compulsory subject". Times of India. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  37. ^ "Punjabi to be introduced as subject in schools: Maryam". The News International. 10 March 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  38. ^ "CM Maryam Nawaz Sharif Directs to Promote Punjabi ..." Directorate General Public Relations, Government of Punjab, Pakistan. 25 November 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  39. ^ "CM Maryam orders promotion of Punjabi language". Business Recorder. 26 November 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  40. ^ "CM Maryam orders historic steps to promote Punjabi language". Dunya News. 25 November 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  41. ^ Javed, Umair (16 September 2024). "Punjabi nationalism". Dawn. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
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