List of presidents of Peru

This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the 1822 Constituent Congress, after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from the country.

The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current officeholder is José María Balcázar. In the history of the position, there has been several political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one self-coup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the official list of rulers by the Peruvian Congress, as well as the constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case.[2][a]

Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation. The country's name was changed from "Peruvian Republic" (República peruana) to "Republic of Peru" (República del Perú) in 1980, after the 1979 constitution came into effect.

Presidents

Political parties:

Far-right:   Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor)   Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)   Odriist National Union (Unión Nacional Odriista, UNO)

Right wing:   Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC)   Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional)   Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista)   Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)   National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)

Centre-right:   Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA)   Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)   Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP)   We Are Peru (Partido Democrático Somos Perú, PDSP)

Centrist:   Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP)   Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)

Centre-left:   Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD)   Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano, PNP)

Far-left:   Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)

Others:   Independent   Military

  UR (2)   PC (9)   C90/VV (1)   PC (4)   PDR (1)   MDP (2)   PPK (1)   PDSP (1)   AP (4)   PP (1)
  PM (1)   PD (2)   APRA (2)   FDN (1)   PNP (1)   PL (2)   PDSP (1)   Ind. (5)   Military (16)
Symbols

† Died in office

Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)

Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
José de San Martín
Protector of Peru
(1778–1850) 		3 August 1821 20 September 1822 1 year, 48 days Independent —[3] —

Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)

Peruvian Republic (1822–1836)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
José de la Mar
President of the Supreme Junta
(1776–1830) 		21 September 1822 28 February 1823
(deposed) 		160 days Independent —[b][4][5] —
José de la Riva Agüero
(1783–1858) 		28 February 1823 23 June 1823
(deposed)[c] 		115 days Military Coup d'etat[8] —
Francisco Valdivieso y Prada
Interim Head of Government
(1773–1829) 		23 June 1823 7 August 1823 45 days Independent —[b][6] —
José Bernardo de Tagle
(1779–1825) 		16 August 1823[d] 10 February 1824
(deposed) 		178 days Military —[b][10][11] Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz
Simón Bolívar
Dictator[e]
(1783–1830) 		10 February 1824 27 January 1827
(deposed) 		2 years, 351 days Independent —[b][12] None
Andrés de Santa Cruz
President of the Council
(1792–1865) 		28 January 1827[f] 10 June 1827 133 days Independent —[b][14] None
José de La Mar
(1776–1830) 		9 June 1827 6 June 1829
(deposed) 		1 year, 362 days Military 1827[15] Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano
Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
Supreme Chief
(1796–1878) 		6 June 1829 31 August 1829 87 days Military Coup d'état[16] None
Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841) 		31 August 1829 19 December 1833 4 years, 110 days Military —[17] Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
1829[18]
Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847) 		20 December 1833 25 February 1835
(deposed) 		1 year, 67 days Military —[b][g][21] None
Pedro Pablo Bermúdez
Supreme Chief, parallel to Orbegoso
(1793–1852) 		4 January 1834 24 April 1834
(deposed)[h] 		110 days Military Coup d'état[23] None
Felipe Salaverry
Supreme Chief
(1805–1836) 		25 February 1835 7 February 1836
(deposed)[i] 		347 days Military Coup d'état[25] None
Luis José de Orbegoso
(1795–1847)
2nd term 		8 January 1836 3 August 1836
(resigned)[j] 		208 days Military Coup d'état[28] None

Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)

Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Andrés de Santa Cruz
Supreme Protector
(1792–1865) 		28 October 1836[k] 20 February 1839
(resigned) 		2 years, 291 days Independent —[30][31] None
Agustín Gamarra
General in charge of the Executive
(1785–1841) 		24 August 1838 15 August 1839 356 days Military Open cabildo[32] None

Presidents of the Restoration and Military Anarchy (1839–1845)

Peruvian Republic (1839–1845)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Agustín Gamarra
(1785–1841)
2nd term 		15 August 1839 18 November 1841
(†)[l] 		2 years, 95 days Military —[b][33] None
1840[34] Manuel Menéndez
President of the Council of State
— Military Anarchy —
Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[m][35]
(1793–1847) 		18 November 1841 16 August 1842
(deposed) 		271 days Independent —[n] Justo Figuerola
1st Vice President of the Council of State 		Juan Francisco de Vidal
2nd Vice President of the Council of State
Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
Supreme Chief[36]
(1808–1875) 		16 August 1842 17 October 1842
(deposed) 		62 days Military Coup d'état None
Juan Francisco de Vidal
Interim Head of State[m][37]
(1800–1863) 		17 October 1842 15 March 1843 149 days Military Coup d'état None
Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[m][38]
(1771–1854) 		15 March 1843 19 March 1843
(deposed) 		4 days Independent —[n] None
Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco
Supreme Director[39]
(1806–1873) 		20 March 1843[o] 22 July 1844
(deposed) 		1 year, 125 days Military Coup d'état None
Domingo Elías
Supreme Chief[43]
(1805–1867) 		17 June 1844 10 August 1844
(deposed) 		146 days Independent Coup d'état None
Justo Figuerola
Interim Head of State[m][44]
(1771–1854) 		10 August 1844 7 October 1844 58 days Independent —[n] None
Manuel Menéndez
Interim Head of State[m][45]
(1793–1847) 		7 October 1844 20 April 1845 195 days Independent —[n] None

Presidents of the Peruvian Republic (1845–1980)

Peruvian Republic (1845–1980)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867) 		20 April 1845 20 April 1851 6 years Military 1845[46][47] None
José Rufino Echenique
(1808–1887) 		20 April 1851 5 January 1855
(deposed) 		3 years, 260 days Military 1851[48] None
Ramón Castilla
(1797–1867)
2nd term 		5 January 1855[p] 24 October 1862 7 years, 292 days Military Coup d'état None
—[b][50]
1858[51] Juan Manuel del Mar
Miguel de San Román
(1802–1863) 		24 October 1862 3 April 1863
(†)[q] 		161 days Military 1862 Juan Antonio Pezet Pedro Diez Canseco
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[r][52]
(1793–1847) 		3 April 1863[s] 5 August 1863 124 days Independent —[n] None
Juan Antonio Pezet
(1809–1879)
[t] 		5 August 1863 8 November 1865 2 years, 95 days Military —[n] Vacant Pedro Diez Canseco
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[r][58]
(1793–1847) 		8 November 1865[u] 28 November 1865
(deposed) 		20 days Independent —[n][60] None
Mariano Ignacio Prado
Supreme Chief
(1825–1901) 		28 November 1865 15 February 1867 1 year, 79 days Military Coup d'état[61] None
Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
[v] 		15 February 1867 7 January 1868
(resigned) 		326 days Military 1867[62] Luis La Puerta
Pedro Diez Canseco
Interim Head of State[r]
(1815–1893) 		7 January 1868 31 July 1868 206 days Military —[n][63][64] None
José Balta
(1814–1872) 		1 August 1868 22 July 1872
(deposed)[w] 		3 years, 356 days Military 1868[65] Mariano Herencia Zevallos Francisco Diez-Canseco
Tomás Gutiérrez
Supreme Chief
(1817–1872) 		22 July 1872 26 July 1872
(†)[x] 		4 days Military Coup d'état None
Mariano Herencia Zevallos
Interim Head of State[y][66]
(1820–1873) 		26 July 1872 31 July 1872 5 days Civilista Party —[n][67] Vacant Francisco Diez-Canseco
Manuel Pardo y Lavalle
(1834–1878) 		1 August 1872 1 August 1876 4 years Civilista Party 1872[68] Manuel Costas Arce Francisco Garmendia
Mariano Ignacio Prado
(1825–1901)
2nd term 		1 August 1876 23 December 1879
(deposed) 		3 years, 144 days Civilista Party 1876[69] Luis La Puerta José Canevaro
Nicolás de Piérola
Supreme Chief
(1839–1913) 		23 December 1879 29 July 1881 1 year, 218 days Independent Open cabildo[70] None
Nicolás de Piérola
President in the South[z]
(1839–1913) 		29 July 1881 28 December 1881
(resigned) 		152 days Independent —[aa][71] None
Francisco García Calderón
Provisory President, in Lima
(1834–1905) 		10 July 1881[ab] 6 November 1881
(prisoner of war) 		119 days Independent —[ac][73] Lizardo Montero Andrés Avelino Cáceres
Lizardo Montero
Interim Head, in Ayacucho[y][74]
(1832–1905) 		6 November 1881 28 October 1882
(resigned) 		1 year, 356 days Civilista Party —[n] None
Miguel Iglesias
Regenerator president, in the North
(1830–1909) 		30 December 1882 1 March 1884 1 year, 62 days Military —[ad][75] None
Miguel Iglesias
(1830–1909) 		1 March 1884 3 December 1885
(resigned) 		1 year, 277 days Military —[b][76] None
Antonio Arenas
Interim Head of State[m]
(1808–1891) 		3 December 1885 3 June 1886 182 days Independent —[n][77][78] None
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923) 		3 June 1886 10 August 1890 4 years, 68 days Constitutional Party 1886[ae] Remigio Morales Bermúdez Aurelio Denegri
Remigio Morales Bermúdez
(1836–1894) 		10 August 1890 1 April 1894
(†)[af] 		3 years, 234 days Constitutional Party 1890 Pedro Alejandrino del Solar Justiniano Borgoño
Justiniano Borgoño
Interim Head of State[r]
(1836–1921) 		1 April 1894 10 August 1894 131 days Constitutional Party —[n] None
Andrés Avelino Cáceres
(1836–1923)
2nd term 		10 August 1894 20 March 1895
(resigned) 		222 days Constitutional Party 1894 César Canevaro Cesáreo Chacaltana
Manuel Candamo
President of the Provisional Government Junta
(1841–1904) 		20 March 1895 8 September 1895 172 days Independent —[79] None
Nicolás de Piérola
(1839–1913)
2nd term 		8 September 1895 8 September 1899 4 years Democratic Party 1895 Guillermo Billinghurst Augusto Seminario
Eduardo López de Romaña
(1847–1912) 		8 September 1899 8 September 1903 4 years Civilista Party 1899 Isaac Alzamora Federico Bresani
Manuel Candamo
(1841–1904) 		8 September 1903 7 May 1904
(†)[ag] 		242 days Civilista Party 1903 Vacant[ah] Serapio Calderón
Serapio Calderón
Interim Head of State[r]
(1843–1922) 		7 May 1904 24 September 1904 140 days Civilista Party —[n] None
José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947) 		24 September 1904 24 September 1908 4 years Civilista Party 1904 José Cavero None
Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932) 		24 September 1908 24 September 1912 4 years Civilista Party 1908 Eugenio Larrabure Belisario Sosa
Guillermo Billinghurst
(1851–1915) 		24 September 1912 4 February 1914
(deposed) 		1 year, 133 days Democratic Party 1912 Roberto Leguía Miguel Echenique
Óscar Benavides
President of the Military Junta
(1876–1945) 		4 February 1914 15 May 1914 100 days Military Coup d'état[80] None
Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945) 		15 May 1914 18 August 1915 1 year, 95 days Military —[b][81] None
José Pardo y Barreda
(1864–1947)
2nd term 		18 August 1915 4 July 1919
(deposed) 		3 years, 320 days Civilista Party 1915 Ricardo Bentín Sánchez Melitón Carvajal
Augusto Leguía
(1863–1932)
2nd term 		4 July 1919 25 August 1930
(deposed) 		11 years, 52 days Reformist Democratic Party 1919[ai] César Canevaro
(1919–1920) 		Agustín de la Torre
(1919–1920)
Coup d'état
1924[ae] None
1929[ae]
Manuel María Ponce
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1966) 		25 August 1930 27 August 1930
(deposed) 		2 days Military Coup d'état[85][86] None
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1951) 		27 August 1930 1 March 1931 186 days Military Coup d'état[87] None
Mariano Holguín
President of the Assembly
(1874–1951) 		1 March 1931 2 March 1931 1 day Independent —[aj][88] None
Ricardo Elías Arias
President of the Military Junta
(1874–1951) 		2 March 1931 5 March 1931 3 days Independent —[aj][89] None
Gustavo Jiménez Saldías
President of the Military Junta
(1886–1933) 		5 March 1931 11 March 1931 6 days Independent —[aj][90] None
David Samanez Ocampo
President of the Military Junta
(1866–1947) 		11 March 1931 8 December 1931 272 days Democratic Party —[aj][91] None
Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
(1889–1933) 		8 December 1931 30 April 1933
(†)[ak] 		1 year, 143 days Revolutionary Union 1931 None
Óscar Benavides
(1876–1945)
2nd term 		30 April 1933 8 December 1939 6 years, 222 days Military —[b] Ernesto Montagne Markholz
(1936–1939) 		Antonio Rodríguez
(1936–1939)
Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967) 		8 December 1939 28 July 1945 5 years, 232 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1939 Rafael Larco Herrera Carlos Gibson
José Luis Bustamante y Rivero
(1894–1989) 		28 July 1945 29 October 1948
(deposed) 		3 years, 93 days National Democratic Front 1945 José Gálvez Barrenechea Eduardo Ganoza
Manuel Odría
President of the Military Junta
(1896–1974) 		29 October 1948 1 June 1950 1 year, 215 days Military Coup d'état Zenón Noriega None
Zenón Noriega
President of the Military Junta
(1889–1967) 		1 June 1950 28 July 1950 57 days Military —[aj][92] None
Manuel Odría
(1896–1974) 		28 July 1950 28 July 1956 6 years Odriist National Union 1950[ae] Héctor Boza Federico Bolognesi
Manuel Prado Ugarteche
(1889–1967)
2nd term 		28 July 1956 18 July 1962
(deposed) 		5 years, 355 days Peruvian Democratic Movement 1956 Luis Gallo Porras Carlos Moreyra
Ricardo Pérez Godoy
President of the Military Junta
(1905–1982) 		18 July 1962 3 March 1963 228 days Military Coup d'état Nicolás Lindley López None
Nicolás Lindley López
President of the Military Junta
(1908–1995) 		3 March 1963 28 July 1963 147 days Military —[aj] Pedro Vargas Prada None
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002) 		28 July 1963 3 October 1968
(deposed) 		5 years, 67 days Popular Action 1963 Edgardo Seoane Mario Polar Ugarteche
Juan Velasco Alvarado
(1910–1977) 		3 October 1968 29 August 1975
(deposed) 		6 years, 330 days Military Coup d'état Edgardo Mercado Jarrín None
Francisco Morales Bermúdez
(1921–2022) 		30 August 1975 28 July 1980 4 years, 333 days Military Coup d'état Pedro Richter Prada None

Presidents of the Republic of Peru (1980–present)

Republic of Peru (1980–present)
Portrait President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in office Party Election 1st Vice President 2nd Vice President
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
(1912–2002)
2nd term 		28 July 1980 28 July 1985 5 years Popular Action 1980 Fernando Schwalb Javier Alva Orlandini
Alan García
(1949–2019) 		28 July 1985 28 July 1990 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 1985 Luis Alberto Sánchez Luis Alva Castro
Alberto Fujimori
(1938–2024)
[al][am] 		28 July 1990 21 November 2000
(impeached)[an] 		10 years, 116 days Change 90
(1990–1995)
New Majority
(1995–2000)
Peru 2000
(2000) 		1990 Máximo San Román Carlos García y García
1992 self-coup Jaime Yoshiyama[ao] None
—[b]
1995 Ricardo Márquez Flores César Paredes Canto
2000[ap] Francisco Tudela Ricardo Márquez Flores
Valentín Paniagua
(1936–2006) 		22 November 2000 28 July 2001 248 days Popular Action —[aq] None
Alejandro Toledo
(born 1946) 		28 July 2001 28 July 2006 5 years Possible Peru 2001 Raúl Diez-Canseco
(2001–2004) 		David Waisman
Alan García
(1949–2019)
2nd term 		28 July 2006 28 July 2011 5 years Peruvian Aprista Party 2006 Luis Giampietri Lourdes Mendoza
Ollanta Humala
(born 1962) 		28 July 2011 28 July 2016 5 years Peruvian Nationalist Party 2011 Marisol Espinoza Omar Chehade
(2011–2012)
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
(born 1938) 		28 July 2016 23 March 2018
(resigned) 		1 year, 238 days Peruvians for Change 2016 Martín Vizcarra Mercedes Aráoz
Martín Vizcarra
(born 1963) 		23 March 2018 9 November 2020
(impeached) 		2 years, 231 days Independent —[n] Vacant Mercedes Aráoz
Manuel Merino
(born 1961) 		10 November 2020 15 November 2020
(resigned) 		5 days Popular Action —[aq] None
Francisco Sagasti
(born 1944) 		17 November 2020 28 July 2021 253 days Purple Party —[aq] None
Pedro Castillo
(born 1969) 		28 July 2021 7 December 2022
(impeached) 		1 year, 132 days Free Peru 2021 Dina Boluarte Vacant[ar]
Dina Boluarte
(born 1962) 		7 December 2022 10 October 2025
(impeached) 		2 years, 307 days Independent —[n] None
José Jerí
(born 1986) 		10 October 2025 17 February 2026
(censured) 		130 days We Are Peru —[aq] None
José María Balcázar
(born 1943) 		18 February 2026 Incumbent 35 days Free Peru —[aq] None

Timeline

Addendum

Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[97]

President
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Time in
office 		Form of entry Vice President
— Carlos García y García
(1927–2016) 		5 April 1992[98] 20 April 1992 15 days Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President) 		None
Máximo San Román
(born 1946) 		21 April 1992[99] 5 January 1993[as] 259 days Constitutional succession
(First Vice President) 		Carlos García y García
Mercedes Aráoz
Acting president
(born 1961) 		30 September 2019[100] 1 October 2019[101] 1 day Constitutional succession
(Second Vice President) 		None

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The official website of Congress includes a list of "presidents and rulers of the Republic” from 1821 until 2021.[2] It lists a total of 130 governments from José de San Martín until Pedro Castillo, but does not separate constitutional presidencies from dictatorships nor interim governments. This Wikipedia list includes a total of 40 presidents and 52 presidencies from 1821 until 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Appointed by Congress
  3. ^ Congress claimed that he was "willing to resign",[6] but in fact he was forcibly removed. He continued to claim the presidency, declared the dissolution of Congress, and even allied himself with the Spanish forces to overthrow the government of Lima.[7]
  4. ^ José Bernardo de Tagle was already appointed "Supreme chief” by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on 7 August.[9]
  5. ^ Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic, holder of the Dictatorial Power.
  6. ^ Bolivar was declared deposed in an Open cabildo on 27 January 1843, after a popular uprising against his rule. Andrés de Santa Cruz had been the de facto governor of Peru in the name of Bolivar.[13]
  7. ^ The Electoral colleges were convened for the elections of Congress and Gamarra's successor as president. However, these Colleges only met partially, and thus the elections were thwarted.[19] Electoral Colleges were abolished in 1895.[20]
  8. ^ Recognized in the Southern provinces; briefly took over Lima between 4 and 28 January 1834, during Orbegoso's absence, but was expelled by the citizens. Continued to claim power until being betrayed by his own men, who reconciled with Orbegoso on 24 April.[22]
  9. ^ Controlled Lima until 30 December 1835, when Orbegoso's troops entered the city, although infighting continued until 6 January 1836. Was defeated in the Battle of Socabaya on 7 February and executed a few days later, on 18 February.[24]
  10. ^ Orbegoso resigned the Peruvian presidency on 3 August 1836,[26] but was named president of North Peru the following year, on 21 August.[27]
  11. ^ Already proclaimed Protector of the South (17 March) and North (6 August) republics.[29][26]
  12. ^ Killed during the Battle of Ingavi.
  13. ^ a b c d e f As President of the Council of State of Peru in charge of the Executive.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Constitutional succession
  15. ^ Proclaimed "Supreme Director" on 28 January 1843, in the South.[40] Vivanco's supporters deposed Figuerola in Lima, recognized Vivanco as Head of state, and installed a provisional government led by very short-lived directors: Eleuterio Aramburú (19–21 March), José Rufino Echenique (21–27 March), and Juan Antonio Pezet (27 March–7 April).[41][42]
  16. ^ Already proclaimed provisory president on 1 May 1854, in Cuzco.[49]
  17. ^ Natural causes.
  18. ^ a b c d e As 2º Vice President in charge of the Executive.
  19. ^ Ramón Castilla ruled as the de facto interim president until 9 April.[53]
  20. ^ He is not listed in the official list of Peruvian heads of State,[54] but he does appear as president in the list of presidential messages.[55] Contemporary records clearly show that he was sworn as President of the Republic.[56][57]
  21. ^ Already proclaimed Supreme Leader on 25 June.[59]
  22. ^ As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868. His first presidency is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1865–1867,[54] but the official list of presidential messages recognizes him as president in 1867.[55]
  23. ^ Was killed on 26 July 1872 during the rebellion.
  24. ^ Killed by a mob.
  25. ^ a b As 1º Vice president in charge of the Executive.
  26. ^ His presidency in 1881 is not included in the official list of Peruvian rulers. He only appears as Supreme Chief in 1879–1881.[54]
  27. ^ Appointed by Congress of Ayacucho
  28. ^ Elected provisory president in Open cabildo on 22 February 1881, de facto since 12 March.[72]
  29. ^ Appointed by Congress of Chorrillos
  30. ^ Appointed by the North Assembly
  31. ^ a b c d Electoral fraud; his party was the only candidate.
  32. ^ Natural causes.
  33. ^ Natural causes.
  34. ^ Lino Alarco Brediñana was elected to the office, but died before the inauguration.
  35. ^ The 1919 elections, held on May 18, resulted in a clear victory for Leguía, but the Supreme Tribunal denounced several irregularities by almost all parties.[82] Leguía secured his victory through a coup d'état two months later, on July 4.[83] The election results, and Leguía's position, were ratified by Congress on October 12.[84]
  36. ^ a b c d e f Appointed by Military Junta
  37. ^ Assasinated.
  38. ^ De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos[93][94]
  39. ^ As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 5 January 1993.
  40. ^ On 13 November 2000, Fujimori left the country amid controversy over the results of the previous election. On 17 November, he submitted his resignation via fax which the Congress rejected in favor of impeachment on the grounds that he was "permanently morally disabled".
  41. ^ As president of the Democratic Constituent Congress established on 5 January 1993.[95]
  42. ^ Electoral fraud.
  43. ^ a b c d e Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress.
  44. ^ Vladimir Cerrón ran on the Castillo ticket, but the National Jury of Elections disqualified him from the office due to previous corruption charges.[96]
  45. ^ Date of the inauguration of the Democratic Constituent Congress that ratified Fujimori as president.[95]

References

  1. ^ Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ a b Congress of Peru 2021a.
  3. ^ Decreto del General José de San Martín asumiendo el mando supremo político y militar, con el título de Protector, 3 de agosto de 1821.
  4. ^ El Congreso Constituyente nombra a los miembros de la Junta Gubernativa del Perú, 21 de setiembre de 1822.
  5. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 1, p. 45.
  6. ^ a b "Ley del 23 de Junio de 1823. Disponiendo que el gran mariscal D. José de la Riva Aguero queda exonerado del Gobierno, y autorizando a D. Francisco Valvidieso para el despacho del Gobierno" (PDF).
  7. ^ Mitre, Bartolomé (1888). Historia de San Martín y de la emancipación sud-americana (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: La Nación. pp. 697–698.
  8. ^ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
  9. ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
  10. ^ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
  11. ^ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
  12. ^ "Decreto supremo disponiendo que el libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la República, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el congreso, 10 de febrero de 1824" (PDF).
  13. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 1, p. 180.
  14. ^ "Decreto del 30 de enero de 1827" (PDF).
  15. ^ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Decreto reasumiendo provisionalmente el mando de la República el General La Fuente, 6 de junio de 1829" (PDF).
  17. ^ "Ley nombrando Presidente de la República al General Agustín Gamarra y Vicepresidente al General Antonio G. de La Fuente, 31 de agosto de 1829" (PDF).
  18. ^ "Ley proclamado Presidente de la Repúblcia al Gran Mariscal Augustín Gamarra, 19 de diciembre de 1829".
  19. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 2, pp. 65-68.
  20. ^ Ley electoral del 20 de noviembre de 1896
  21. ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
  22. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 2, pp. 69–75.
  23. ^ Proclama a la nación del 4 de enero de 1834
  24. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 2, pp. 92–111.
  25. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
  26. ^ a b "Constitución del Estado Nor-Peruano" (PDF).
  27. ^ Ley del 21 de agosto de 1837
  28. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 2, p. 107.
  29. ^ "Constitución del Estado Sud-Peruano" (PDF).
  30. ^ "Decreto del 28 de octubre de 1836 (Establecimiento de la Confederación Perú - Boliviana)" (PDF).
  31. ^ Decreto abdicando el general Santa Cruz la autoridad que ejercía sobre los Estados de la Confederación, 20 de febrero de 1839
  32. ^ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838" (PDF).
  33. ^ "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
  34. ^ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
  35. ^ "Ley del 3 de agosto de 1842" (PDF).
  36. ^ Mendiburu, Manuel de (1938). Diccionario histórico-biográfico del Perú (in Spanish). Imprenta "Enrique Palacios". p. 460.
  37. ^ Decreto del 21 de octubre de 1842.
  38. ^ El Peruano, edición del 15 de marzo de 1843.
  39. ^ El Peruano, 20 de marzo de 1844
  40. ^ Vivero, Domingo (1909). Gobernantes del Perú. p. 73.
  41. ^ El Peruano, 15, 20, 21 y 29 de marzo, 9 de abril
  42. ^ "Relación cronológica". Revista histórica, tomo XVIII, 1943
  43. ^ Echenique, José Rufino (1952). Memorias para la historia del Perú (1808-1878) (in Spanish). Editorial Huascarán. p. 357.
  44. ^ Ley del 13 de agosto de 1844
  45. ^ Ley del 12 de octubre de 1844
  46. ^ "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  47. ^ "Juramento del Presidente de la República, 20 de abril de 1845" (PDF).
  48. ^ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
  49. ^ Ley 1 de Mayo de 1854 aceptando el mariscal Castilla la Suprema Magistratura que le ofrecieron los pueblos.
  50. ^ Estatuto provisorio del 14 de julio de 1855
  51. ^ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla, 14 de julio de 1855" (PDF).
  52. ^ Ley 22 de mayo de 1863
  53. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 5, pp. 90-93.
  54. ^ a b c Congress of Peru 2021b.
  55. ^ a b Congress of Peru 2026.
  56. ^ Pezet, Jorge Arias-Schreiber (1963). «Proclama al asumir la presidencia». El general Juan Antonio Pezet: Presidente de la República del Perú (1863-1865). pp. 19-20.
  57. ^ Ley 23 de Setiembre de 1863. Juan Antonio Pezet, Presidente de la Republica
  58. ^ Ley del 13 de noviembre de 1862. Disponiendo someter a juicio al ex-primer vice-Presidente de la República Juan Antonio Pezet y a sus Ministros de Estado. Pedro Diez Canseco, Vice-presidente de la República
  59. ^ Ley del 25 de junio de 1865
  60. ^ Ley del 25 de junio de 1865. Asumiendo el ejercicio del Poder Supremo de la República el Segundo Vicepresidente Constitucional Pedro Diez Canseco
  61. ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de noviembre de 1865".
  62. ^ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867".
  63. ^ Acta de la sesión del que reconoce la autoridad del Segundo Vicepresidente de la República, general Pedro Díez-Canseco, Lima, 7 de enero de 1868.
  64. ^ Bando reconociendo la autoridad del Segundo Vicepresidente de la República, 7 de enero de 1868.
  65. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
  66. ^ Ley 30 de julio de 1872
  67. ^ Proclama a la nación del 26 de julio de 1872 .
  68. ^ "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  69. ^ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
  70. ^ "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
  71. ^ La asamblea nacional nombra a Nicolas de Piérola Presidente de la República, Ayacucho, 31 de julio 1881
  72. ^ Ayllón Dulanto, Fernando. «FRANCISCO GARCÍA CALDERÓN LANDA». Sitio Web del Museo del Congreso y de la Inquisición.
  73. ^ Mensaje a la nación ante el Congreso de Chorrillos el 10 de julio de 1881
  74. ^ Ley 6 de junio de 1883 disponiendo que el Congreso procederá á elegir al segundo Vice-presidente de la República
  75. ^ Ley eligiendo presidente regenerador de la República al general D. Miguel Iglesias, Cajamarca, 30 de diciembre de 1882
  76. ^ Decreto nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio de la República, 1 de marzo de 1884.
  77. ^ Renuncia del Presidente Provisorio, 3 de diciembre de 1885.
  78. ^ Consejo de Ministros se encarga del Poder Ejecutivo, Lima, 3 de diciembre de 1885.
  79. ^ Actos que precedieron á la instalación de la Excma. Junta de Gobierno, 1895
  80. ^ "Resolución legislativo No 1958 encargando la presidencia provisoria de la República al coronel Óscar R. Benavides, 15 de mayo de 1914".
  81. ^ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República, 4 de febrero de 1914".
  82. ^ Losada, Cristóbal Aljovín de (2005). Historia de las elecciones en el Perú: estudios sobre el gobierno representativo (in Spanish). IEP. pp. 99–107. ISBN 978-9972-51-127-1.
  83. ^ Manifiesto del Sr. Leguía a la Nación
  84. ^ Ley Nº 4001. Proclamando Presidente constitucional al ciudadano D. Augusto B. Leguía, 12 de octubre de 1919
  85. ^ Dimisión del Presidente de la República, 25 de agosto de 1930
  86. ^ Manifiesto a la nación, 25 de agosto de 1930
  87. ^ Discurso del Presidente de la Junta de Gobierno, Comandante Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro, en Lima, el 27 de agosto de 1930.
  88. ^ Basadre 2014, Volume 15, p. 57.
  89. ^ Comunicado del 2 de marzo de 1931
  90. ^ Manifiesto de la II División del Ejército, 5 de marzo de 1931
  91. ^ Declaración del 12 de marzo de 1931
  92. ^ Decreto-ley No 11395
  93. ^  • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2023. The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
    • "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023. Lester: Though few questioned it, Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
    • Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times. Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
    • "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
    • "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023. Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
  94. ^ "Who is Controlling Whom?" (PDF). United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
  95. ^ a b LEY CONSTITUCIONAL. El Peruano, 09-01-1993.
  96. ^ "JNE declara improcedente candidatura Vladimir Cerrón". Radio Cumbre. 19 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  97. ^ "¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com". www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  98. ^ Godoy, José Alejandro (2021). El último dictador (in Spanish). DEBATE. p. 16. ISBN 978-612-4272-77-6.
  99. ^ Gorriti, Gustavo (22 April 1992). "El Congreso desafía a Fujimori y proclama presidente de Perú a Máximo San Román". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  100. ^ "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
  101. ^ "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 1 October 2019.

Sources

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