Piaroa language
| Piaroa | |
|---|---|
| De'aruwa | |
| Native to | Colombia and Venezuela |
| Ethnicity | Piaroa people |
Native speakers | (13,000–14,000 cited 2001)[1] |
Piaroa–Saliban
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pid |
| Glottolog | piar1243 |
| ELP | Piaroa |
Piaroa is an Indigenous language of Venezuela and Colombia by the Piaroa people. Loukotka (1968) reports that it is spoken along the Sipapo River, Orinoco River, and Ventuari River.[2]
The Wirö language (commonly called the pejorative term "Maco") is closely related, the two forming the Piaroan branch of the family.[3]
Alternate names
Piaroa is called by many names, including variations of Wotuja[4] and Huottüja. It is also called Guagua, Kuakua, Quaqua, Adole, Ature, and Wo’tiheh.
Phonology
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nor. | lab. | nor. | lab. | ||||||
| Stop | Plain | p | t | k | kʷ | ʔ | |||
| Aspirated | pʰ~ɸ | tʰ | kʰ | kʰʷ | |||||
| Ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | kʷʼ | |||||
| Glottal | ˀb | ˀd | |||||||
| Affricate | Plain | t͡ʃ~t͡s | |||||||
| Aspirated | t͡sʰ | ||||||||
| Ejective | t͡sʼ | ||||||||
| Fricative | s | hˣ | hˣʷ | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||||
| Flap/Lateral | ɾ | ʎ | |||||||
| Approximant | j~dʲ | w | |||||||
Palatalization of /k, kʰ, kʼ, hˣ/ may occur when before front vowels as [kʲ, kʲʰ, kʲʼ, hʲ].
/pʰ/ may also be heard as a fricative [ɸ] in free variation.
Sounds /j/ and /t͡ʃ/ may have allophones of [dʲ, t͡s].
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u ɯ |
| Mid | e | ɤ~o | |
| Open | æ | ɑ~ɒ |
Vowels /ɤ, ɑ/ are rounded as [o, ɒ] when after labial sounds.[5]
References
Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Piaroa word list
- ^ "Endangered Languages Project – Piaroa". Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ^ Zamponi, R. 2017 'Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hodɨ: relationships among three linguistic lineages of the mid-Orinoco region'. Anthropological Linguistics 59: 263-321.
- ^ Censo indígena de Venezuela, 1992 (Volume 1 ed.). Venezuela Oficina Central de Estadística e Informática. 1993. p. 516.
- ^ Mosonyi, Esteban E. (2002). Elementos De Gramática Piaroa: Algunas Consideraciones Sobre Sus Clases Nominales (PDF).
External links
- Huottüją Foundation, Piaroa nonprofit organization