Oogamy

Oogamy is a type of sexual reproduction where the gametes differ greatly in both size and form. In oogamy in animals the large female gamete (also known as the ovum) is immotile, while the small male gamete (also known as a sperm) is mobile.[1] Most sexually reproducing species – animals, land plants and some algae, are oogamous. It is generally accepted that isogamy is the ancestral state, from which oogamy evolved at least twenty times via anisogamy. Once oogamy evolves, males and females typically differ in various aspects. Internal fertilization may have originated from oogamy, although some studies suggest certain species may have evolved before the transition from external to internal fertilization. In streptophytes, oogamy occurred before the split from green algae.

Occurrence

Oogamy is found in almost all animal species that reproduce sexually.[2][3] There are exceptions, such as the opiliones that have immobile sperm.[4]

Oogamy is found in all land plants,[5] and in some red algae, brown algae and green algae.[6]: 309  Oogamy is favored in land plants because only one gamete has to travel through harsh environments outside the plant.[6]: 376  Oogamy is also present in oomycetes.[7]

Etymology

The term oogamy was first used in the year 1888.[8] It derives from the Greek noun "oon" (ΩΟΝ = egg) and the Greek verb "gameo" (ΓΑΜΕΩ → ΓΑΜΩ = to have sex/to reproduce) and eventually means "reproduction through eggs".

Evolution

Main article: Evolution of sexual reproduction

The ancestral state of sexual reproduction is probably isogamy, in which both gametes are identical, from which oogamy is thought to have evolved multiple times[9] through anisogamy.[10][11][3]: 309 [12] When oogamy has evolved, males and females typically differ in many aspects. Oogamy evolved before the transition from external to internal fertilization.[13]: 37 [3]: 326 

In streptophytes, oogamy occurred before the split from green algae.[14]

References

  1. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  2. ^ Bell, Graham (2019-11-28). The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-000-49744-1.
  3. ^ a b c Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale: The Unexpected Physics of Being Small. Harvard University Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-674-06021-0.
  4. ^ Leonard, Janet; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (2010-07-19). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-19-532555-3.
  5. ^ Simpson, Michael G. (2010-07-19). Plant Systematics. Academic Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-08-092208-9.
  6. ^ a b Raven, Peter H.; Evert, University Ray F.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E.; Eichhorn, University Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants. W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-1007-3.
  7. ^ Buaya, Anthony T.; Thines, Marco (2020). "An overview on the biology and phylogeny of the early-diverging oomycetes". Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology. 14 (1): 1-20. doi:10.26757/pjsb2020a14004.
  8. ^ "Definition of OOGAMY". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  9. ^ Wolpert, L; Szathmáry, E. "Multicellularity: evolution and the egg". Nature. 420: 745. doi:10.1038/420745a.
  10. ^ Pitnick, Scott S.; Hosken, Dave J.; Birkhead, Tim R. (2008-11-21). Sperm Biology: An Evolutionary Perspective. Academic Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-08-091987-4.
  11. ^ Kumar, Awasthi & Ashok. Textbook of Algae. Vikas Publishing House. p. 363. ISBN 978-93-259-9022-7.
  12. ^ Hörandl, Elvira; Hadacek, Franz (August 2020). "Oxygen, life forms, and the evolution of sexes in multicellular eukaryotes". Heredity. 125 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1038/s41437-020-0317-9. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 7413252. PMID 32415185.
  13. ^ Nozaki, H; Yamada, TK; Takahashi, F; Matsuzaki, R; Nakada, T (2014). "New "missing link" genus of the colonial volvocine green algae gives insights into the evolution of oogamy". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 37. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...37N. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-37. PMC 4015742. PMID 24589311.
  14. ^ Geng, Sa; De Hoff, Peter; Umen, James G. (2014-07-08). "Evolution of Sexes from an Ancestral Mating-Type Specification Pathway". PLOS Biology. 12 (7) e1001904. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001904. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 4086717. PMID 25003332.
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