Kade II Afunu

Kade II Afunu
Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire
Reign14th century (1 year)
c. 1389–1390[a]
PredecessorMuhammad II Manza
SuccessorBiri III Uthman
Diedc. 1390
"Ghadhurú"
DynastySayfawa dynasty (Idrisid[b])
FatherIdris I Nikalemi

Kade II (Kade bin Idrīs[2]), called Kade Afunu[2][c] and Kade Auja,[4] was briefly mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the late 14th century, ruling approximately 1389–1390.[a] Kade ruled during the "Era of Instability", a chaotic period of internal and external conflict in the empire.

Life

Kade was a son of mai Idris I Nikalemi.[4] The name Afunu may mean that Kade's mother was of Hausa (A'fno) origin.[3] Kade became mai in the late 14th century,[2] succeeding his brother Muhammad II Manza.[4]

The late 14th century was a time of acute political instability in Bornu, marked by internal conflict between members of the imperial family[4] as well as external conflict, mainly with the Bilala in the east.[3] Kanem, the empire's original heartland, had been lost to the Bilala a few years before Kade's reign, when the empire was ruled by Kade's brother Umar I Idrismi.[7] Kade resumed the offensive against the Bilala but was defeated and killed in battle at a site recorded as Ghadhurú (or variations thereof, such as Guluru or Gaduru),[3][8] after only a year on the throne.[a] Kade was succeeded as mai by his brother Biri III Uthman.[3][4]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c King lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries (Barth, Palmer, Urvoy, Nachtigal, Landeroin) all agree that Kade ruled for a single year.[4] Due to differing dates and calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1399–1400 (Barth), 1391–1392 (Palmer), 1388–1389 (Urvoy), 1398–1399 (Landeroin), and 1427–1428 (Nachtigal).[4] Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1388–1389,[5] Stewart (1989) dated it to 1399–1400,[6] and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1389–1390.[2]
  2. ^ The 14th and 15th centuries saw protracted civil wars between the rival Idrisid (descendants of Idris I Nikalemi) and Dawudid (descendants of Dawud Nikalemi) branches of the Sayfawa dynasty.[1]
  3. ^ The name is also spelled A'fno and A'funu.[3]

References

  1. ^ Lange, Dierk (2012). "Ali Gajideni". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  2. ^ a b c d Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  3. ^ a b c d e Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. p. 641.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 58, 63, 81.
  5. ^ Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. p. 261. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
  6. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 146.
  7. ^ Lange, Dierk (2012). "Dunama Dibbalemi". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  8. ^ Palmer, H. R. (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). p. 113.
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