Ivangorod

For other places with the same name, see Ivangorod (disambiguation).
Ivangorod
Ивангород
Jaanilinn (Estonian)
Town[1]
The reconstructed fortress of Narva (to the left) overlooking the Russian fortress of Ivangorod (to the right)
Flag
Coat of arms
Interactive map of Ivangorod
Ivangorod
Location of Ivangorod
Ivangorod
Ivangorod (Leningrad Oblast)
Coordinates: 59°22′N 28°13′E / 59.367°N 28.217°E / 59.367; 28.217
CountryRussia
Federal subjectLeningrad Oblast[1]
Administrative districtKingiseppsky District[1]
Settlement municipal formationSelsovietIvangorodskoye Settlement Municipal Formation[1]
Founded1492[2]
Town status since28 October 1954[3]
Elevation
32 m (105 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[4]
 • Total
9,854
 • Estimate 
(2024)
9,552 (−3.1%)
 • Capital ofIvangorodskoye Settlement Municipal Formation[1]
 • Municipal districtKingiseppsky Municipal District[5]
 • Urban settlementIvangorodskoye Urban Settlement[5]
 • Capital ofIvangorodskoye Urban Settlement[5]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK [6])
Postal codes[7]
188490, 188491
Dialing code+7 81375[8]
OKTMO ID41621102001
Websitewww.ivangorod.ru

Ivangorod (Russian: Иванго́род, IPA: [ɪvɐnˈɡorət]; Estonian: Jaanilinn; Votic: Jaanilidna) is a town in Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the east bank of the Narva river which flows along the Estonia–Russia international border, 159 kilometers (99 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, 218 kilometers (135 mi) east of Tallinn, Estonia. The town's population was recorded as 9,854 (2010 census);[4] 11,206 (2002 census);[9] 11,833 (1989 Soviet census).[10] As of 2025, the population of Ivangorod was estimated to be 9,878.

Ivangorod is a major border crossing point and a railway station on the Tallinn–Saint Petersburg line. It is located just opposite to the Estonian town of Narva. The town is the site of the Ivangorod Fortress, a prominent fortification monument of the 15th and the 16th centuries.

History

Period of the Russian Tsardom

In 1470, the chronicles first mentioned the “New Village on the Narova River,” the future Ivangorod.[11]

In 1473, the First Pskov Chronicle mentioned Pskov posadniks and boyars who were sent to the “New village on the Narova,” opposite the city of Rugodiv (Narva), to meet the Livonians along with Novgorod envoys. According to historian Vladimir Kostochkin: “On the basis of this village Ivangorod then grew.”[12]

The fortress, established in 1492 during the reign of Ivan III, the grand prince of Moscow,[2] took its name (literally: Ivan-town — gorod in Russian means "town" or "city") from that of the tsar. The fortress was built along with a series of other fortifications on the border with Livonia.[13] Ivan was said to have blinded the fortress's architect to prevent him from building such a structure for anyone else.[14] A battle between Russian and Swedish forces took place at the fortress in 1496.[15]

The location was chosen in advance: already in the 1480s the Grand Prince instructed his envoys to Lithuania to inquire in detail about harbors on the Baltic Sea. At that time the Baltic trade route acquired prime importance for the Russian state, for its economic and cultural development, and also for its political relations with European countries. Only through the Baltic Sea could trade be conducted independently of foreign control and interference. The town was intended to become the first seaport of the Russian state and, at the same time, a fortress on the Baltic.[16]

The original fortress laid down in 1492 was besieged and destroyed by the Swedes in 1496. After this the Russians restored and expanded it. In German documents of the late 15th century it was known as a “counter-Narva.” The Ivangorod Fortress with its mighty stone walls and ten towers was the first Russian defensive work with a regular rectangular plan.

In 1565, when Tsar Ivan the Terrible divided the Russian state into the Oprichnina and the Zemshchina, the town became part of the latter.[17]

As part of the Swedish Empire

Between 1581 and 1590 and from 1612 to 1704, Sweden controlled the area.[2] Ivangorod was granted town privileges and administered as a Russian township under the Swedish Empire (who conquered it in 1612 from boyar Teuvo Aminev) until 1649, when its burghers were ordered to remove to a Narva suburb. In 1617 Russia and Sweden signed the Treaty of Stolbovo, which placed the area under Swedish sovereignty. Russia reconquered it during the Great Northern War in 1704.[18] Despite other changes in territory and sovereignty, Ivangorod was considered an administrative part of the town of Narva from 1649 until 1945. In 1780, Ivangorod, together with Narva, was included into Narvsky Uyezd of Saint Petersburg Governorate. In 1796, Narvsky Uyezd was abolished and merged into Yamburgsky Uyezd.

As part of the Russian Empire

After the end of the Great Northern War the military significance of Ivangorod Fortress gradually waned. The town lost the status of an independent locality and came to be considered a suburb (forstadt) of Narva. In 1708, Tsar Peter the Great introduced a new administrative division under which the cities of the North-West, including Narva with Ivangorod, were placed in the Ingermanland Governorate, which in 1710 was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate.[19]

In the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries it was most often mentioned in documents and old-timers’ reminiscences as the “Ivanov side” of Narva.

In July 1917, Narva district, including Ivangorod, voted in referendum to join recently formed Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.[20] The city was captured by the Imperial German Army during World War I after the Russian Army abandoned the local fortress.[21]

Estonian period

During the Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920), the newly independent Republic of Estonia established control over the whole of Narva, including Ivangorod, in January 1919, a move which Soviet Russia recognized in the 1920 Treaty of Tartu.

According to 1922 data, Ivangorod (at that time a district of Narva) had a population of 7,000, 42% of whom were Estonians.[22]

In 1937, Narva and Ivangorod (as a district of Narva) hosted the first Russian Choral Festival (see also Estonian Song Festival), dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the death of Alexander Pushkin. Performances by choirs, soloists, and orchestras took place at the Narva Public Assembly, the “Harmony” club, the Ivangorod Fire Society, and at the People’s House of the Woolen Manufactory.[23] More than 15,000 spectators attended the festival.[24]

Soviet period and the present

After the incorporation of Estonia into the USSR in 1940, the town remained within the administrative borders of the newly formed Estonian SSR. From 1941 to 1944 it was occupied by Nazi Germany. During the Great Patriotic War, Ivangorod, like the rest of Narva, suffered greatly; however, several pre-war buildings survived in the center and especially in the southern part.[22]

In January 1945 Soviet authorities defined the Narva river as the border between the Estonian SSR and Russian SFSR, and as a result the administration of Ivangorod transferred from Narva to the Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast. Having grown in population, Ivangorod gained town status on 28 October 1954.[3]

After the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, there have been some disputes about the Estonian-Russian border in the Narva area, as the new constitution of Estonia (adopted in 1992) recognizes the 1920 Treaty of Tartu border to be currently legal. The Russian Federation, however, regards Estonia as a successor of the Estonian SSR and recognizes the 1945 border between two former national republics. Officially, Estonia has no territorial claims in the area,[25][26] which is also reflected in the new Estonian-Russian border treaty, according to which Ivangorod remains a part of Russia. Although the Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet and Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov signed the treaty in 2005, due to continuing political tensions it has not been ratified.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated within Kingiseppsky District as Ivangorodskoye Settlement Municipal Formation.[1] As a municipal division, Ivangorodskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Kingiseppsky Municipal District as Ivangorodskoye Urban Settlement.[5] Aside from Ivangorod itself, the municipality also includes the settlements of Orekhovaya Gorka and Popovka.[27]

Restricted access

The town of Ivangorod is included into the border security zone, intended to protect the borders of Russia from unwanted activity. In order to visit the zone, a permit issued by the local Federal Security Service department or a valid Schengen visa is required. An EU passport with a Russian visa is also valid (2016).[28]

Economy

Industry

Ivangorod has enterprises of textile, food, and timber industries, as well as a plant producing metallic plants and reservoirs. The Narva Hydroelectric Station is located in the town limits as well.[29]

Transportation

The railway connecting Saint Petersburg with Tallinn passes through Ivangorod. There is infrequent suburban service to Baltiysky railway station of Saint Petersburg, as well as passenger service to Tallinn.

The A180 Highway connects Saint Petersburg and Ivangorod. It coincides with the European route E20 connecting Saint Petersburg via Tallinn with Shannon Airport.

Culture

Ivangorod contains thirty-three cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally seven objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. All federal monuments are related to the Ivangorod Fortress.[30] The fortress functions as a museum.[31]

Border with Estonia

Ivangorod is in the Border zone.[32]

The state border between Russia and Estonia runs along the Narva River.

There are three border crossing points in Ivangorod:

  • MAPP (multilateral automobile crossing point) Ivangorod. Operating since early 1993. Open 24 hours. The border can be crossed by car, bicycle, and on foot. Cyclists and pedestrians cross via the pedestrian checkpoint. At the automobile crossing, a Duty-free shop is open beyond the customs control line — at the pedestrian checkpoint the shop has been closed. Crossing is by the road-pedestrian Friendship Bridge, built in 1960 and overhauled in recent years.[33] Queues arise on both the Russian and Estonian sides because it is the only automobile bridge across the Narva.
  • PPP (pedestrian crossing point) “Parusinka.” Located on a footbridge over the old semi-dry riverbed of the Narva. Crossing is allowed only for holders of Russian and Estonian passports, including Estonian non-citizens — provided they carry no goods requiring written customs declaration. In 2017 the checkpoint was reconstructed and its capacity increased fivefold.[34][35]
  • Railway crossing point at Ivangorod-Narvsky station.[36]

Twin towns and sister cities

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Ivangorod is twinned with:

  • View of the fortress (illustration from the article “Ivan-Gorod”, “Sytin's Military Encyclopedia”)
  • Ivangorod coat of arms (17th century) from the book “History of the city of Narva”
  • Coat of arms of the Ivangorod regiment, 1730.[38]
  • Ivangorod Fortress and a residential area of the town
  • View of Ivangorod (Russia) from the city of Narva (Estonia)
  • Municipal art museum
  • Museum of Military-Defensive Architecture of North-Western Rus’
  • View of the Friendship Bridge, the Narva promenade, and Ivangorod (from the tower of Hermann Castle, Narva)
  • Ivangorod, the Parusinka district

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Oblast Law #32-oz
  2. ^ a b c Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 150. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  3. ^ a b Кингисеппский район (август 1927 г.) (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  4. ^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  5. ^ a b c d Law #81-oz
  6. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  7. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  8. ^ Общая информация об Ивангороде (in Russian). Ivangorod official website. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  9. ^ Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  10. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  11. ^ Шарымов А. М. (2004). Предыстория Санкт-Петербурга. 1703 год. СПб.: Журнал «Нева». p. 784. ISBN 5-87516-044-6. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017.
  12. ^ Косточкин В. В. Крепость Ивангород Archived 2017-04-03 at the Wayback Machine // Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР. — М., 1952. — № 31.
  13. ^ O'Connor, Kevin C. (15 November 2019). The House of Hemp and Butter: A History of Old Riga. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4770-0.
  14. ^ The Gentleman's Magazine Volume 265
  15. ^ Nossov, Konstantin S. (20 June 2012). Russian Fortresses 1480–1682. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84908-038-5.
  16. ^ Алексеев Ю. Г. Государь всея Руси. — Новосибирск: Наука, 1991. — С. 182—183. — (Страницы истории нашей Родины). ISBN 5-02-029736-4.
  17. ^ Земщина Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine // The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 volumes]/ / ch. ed. by Yu. S. Osipov. — M. : The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004-2017.
  18. ^ История Ивангорода (in Russian). Ivangorod official website. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  19. ^ "Малые города России. Ивангород". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  20. ^ Burch, Stuart; Smith, David (2007). "Empty Spaces and the Value of Symbols: Estonia's 'War of Monuments' from Another Angle". Europe-Asia Studies. 59 (6): 913–936. doi:10.1080/09668130701489139. S2CID 32612376. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  21. ^ Figes, Orlando (1996). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891-1924. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 267. ISBN 0-224-04162-2. OCLC 35657827.
  22. ^ a b "Jaanilinn - Narva Muuseum". narvamuuseum.ee. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  23. ^ "Русский Альбион - 78. Русский певческий праздник в Нарве. 79. Деревенские артисты в Таллине". www.russian-albion.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Портал русской общины Эстонии - Нарва готовится отметить юбилей первого русского Певческого праздника". beta.baltija.eu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  25. ^ Berg, Eiki. "Milleks meile idapiir ja ilma lepinguta?". Eesti Päevaleht (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  26. ^ "Enn Eesmaa: väide Petseri-soovist on ennekõike provokatiivne". Eesti Päevaleht. Archived from the original on 26 August 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  27. ^ "Изменения в генеральный план муниципального образования Ивангородское городское поселение Кингисеппского муниципального района Ленинградской области - Материалы по обоснованию". arch.lenobl.ru (in Russian). ООО НИИПГрадостроительства. 2023. p. 32. Retrieved 4 November 2025.
  28. ^ Приказ ФСБ РФ от 2 июня 2006 года №239 "О пределах пограничной зоны на территории Ленинградской области"; Приказ ФСБ РФ от 5 мая 2007 г. №222 "О внесении изменений в Приказ ФСБ РФ ОТ 2 июня 2006 г. №239 "О пределах пограничной зоны на территории Ленинградской области"". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 2006.
  29. ^ Коммерческие организации города (in Russian). Ivangorod official website. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  30. ^ Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  31. ^ Историко-архитектурный и художественный музей "Ивангородская крепость" (in Russian). Российская сеть культурного наследия. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  32. ^ "Приказы ФСБ об установлении пограничной зоны". Archived from the original on 30 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  33. ^ "В 2013 г. ФГКУ Росгранстрой приступит к реконструкции МАПП Ивангород и ППП Парусинка. | Новости | ФГКУ Росгранстрой". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  34. ^ "1 ноября после реконструкции открыт двусторонний постоянный пешеходный пункт пропуска Ивангород | Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации". Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  35. ^ "Нарвская газета. За два дня границу на «Парусинке» пересекли более тысячи человек.10.11.2017". Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Железнодорожная станция Ивангород-Нарвский — просмотр информации и фотографий". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
  37. ^ "Karlskoga kommun avslutar vänortsavtal med Ivangorod". karlskoga.se (in Swedish). 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Официальный сайт Ивангорода: новости, история, ивангородская крепость, администрация, расписание транспорта, экономика, туризм, фотографии, каталог местных ресурсов, как к нам въехать. Городской форум, чат, общение". www.ivangorod.ru. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.

Sources

  • Законодательное собрание Ленинградской области. Областной закон №32-оз от 15 июня 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ленинградской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Областного закона №23-оз от 8 мая 2014 г. «Об объединении муниципальных образований "Приморское городское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и "Глебычевское сельское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и о внесении изменений в отдельные Областные законы». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести", №112, 23 июня 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast. Oblast Law #32-oz of June 15, 2010 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Leningrad Oblast and on the Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Oblast Law #23-oz of May 8, 2014 On Merging the Municipal Formations of "Primorskoye Urban Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and "Glebychevskoye Rural Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and on Amending Various Oblast Laws. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  • Законодательное собрание Ленинградской области. Областной закон №81-оз от 28 октября 2004 г. «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования Кингисеппский муниципальный район и муниципальных образований в его составе», в ред. Областного закона №17-оз от 6 мая 2010 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые областные законы в связи с принятием федерального закона "О внесении изменений в отдельные законодательные акты Российской Федерации в связи с совершенствованием организации местного самоуправления"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (29 ноября 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Вестник Правительства Ленинградской области", №34, 19 ноября 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast. Oblast Law #81-oz of October 28, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation of Kingiseppsky Municipal District and to the Municipal Formations Comprised By It, as amended by the Oblast Law #17-oz of May 6, 2010 On Amending Various Oblast Laws Due to the Adoption of the Federal Law "On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation Due to the Improvement of the Organization of the Local Self-Government". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication (November 29, 2004).).

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