Chinese people

This article is about the general concept of peoples relating to China. For the dominant Chinese ethnic group, see Han Chinese. For a list of ethnicities in modern China, see List of ethnic groups in China. For a list of ethnicities in historical China, see Ethnic groups in Chinese history. For the concept of the multiethnic Chinese nation, see Zhonghua minzu.

Chinese people
Chinatown, Melbourne is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the western world and the oldest Chinatown in the Southern Hemisphere.[1][2][3][4]
Traditional Chinese華人
Simplified Chinese华人
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHuárén
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese中國人
Simplified Chinese中国人
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguóren

The Chinese people, or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, social construct[5] or other affiliation.[6]

People of Chinese ethnicity or ancestry who live outside Greater China may consider themselves overseas Chinese.[7][8] In some areas throughout the world, ethnic enclaves known as Chinatowns are home to populations of overseas Chinese.

Terminology

The term Zhōngguó zhī rén (Chinese: 中國之人; lit. 'people of China'; Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ, romanized: Dulimbai gurun-i niyalma) was used by the Qing government to refer to all traditionally native subjects of the empire, including Han, Manchu, and Mongols.[9] In modern Chinese, there is a distinction between Huaren and Zhongguoren. The former term refers to ethnic Chinese, and is often used for those who reside overseas or those who are non-citizens. The latter term refers to people who have lived in China or are Chinese citizens.[10][11][12] The term Zhongguoren has a more political or ideological aspect in its use, and while many in China may use Zhongguoren to mean the Chinese ethnicity, some in Taiwan would refuse to be called Zhongguoren.[13]

People from Taiwan, which is officially called the Republic of China (ROC), may also be referred to as "Chinese" in various contexts, though they are usually referred to as "Taiwanese". The territory of Taiwan is disputed and the ROC has limited recognition of its sovereignty.

Ethnicity

Further information: Ethnic minorities in China, List of ethnic groups in China, and Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

A number of ethnic groups as well as other racial minorities of China are referred to as Chinese people.[14] Zhonghua minzu (Chinese: 中华民族), the "Chinese nation", is a supra-ethnic concept which includes all 56 ethnic groups living in China that are officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China. It includes established ethnic groups who have lived within the borders of premodern China.[15] The term zhonghua minzu was used during the Republic of China from 1911 to 1949 to refer to five primary ethnic groups[a] in China.[16] The term zhongguo renmin (Chinese: 中国人民), "Chinese people", was the government's preferred term during the early communist era; zhonghua minzu is more common in recent decades.[17]

Han Chinese

The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in both Mainland China and Taiwan, comprising approximately 92%[18] and 95%[19][20] of their populations, respectively. They are also the world's largest ethnic group, comprising approximately 18% of the global human population.[21][22] In English, the terms "Han Chinese", "ethnic Chinese", and "Chinese" people, are often conflated.[23][24][25]

Ethnic minorities

The Chinese government recognizes 56 ethnic groups in China. Other ethnic groups in China include the Zhuang, Hui, Manchus, Uyghurs, and Miao, who make up the five largest ethnic minorities in mainland China, with populations of approximately 10 million or more. In addition, the Yi, Tujia, Tibetans and Mongols each have populations between five and ten million. Ethnic minorities may consider themselves Zhongguoren.

See also

For countries with significant populations
For countries with noteworthy populations
Other countries with Chinese populations
Related topics of interest

Notes

  1. ^ The Han, the Manchu, the Mongols, the Hui (applied to Muslims as a whole), and the Tibetans.

References

  1. ^ "Chinatown Melbourne". Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  2. ^ "Melbourne's multicultural history". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  3. ^ "World's 8 most colourful Chinatowns". Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  4. ^ "The essential guide to Chinatown". Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. Food + Drink Victoria. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  5. ^ Chandra Ford; Nina T Harawa (29 April 2010). "A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research". Soc Sci Med. 71 (2): 251–258. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008. PMC 2908006. PMID 20488602.
  6. ^ Harding, Harry (1993). "The Concept of "greater China": Themes, Variations and Reservations". The China Quarterly. 136 (136): 660–86. doi:10.1017/S030574100003229X. JSTOR 655587. S2CID 154522700.
  7. ^ Barabantseva, Elena (2010). Overseas Chinese, Ethnic Minorities and Nationalism: De-Centering China. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-92736-2.
  8. ^ Park, Yoon Jung (2008). A Matter of Honour: Being Chinese in South Africa. Lexington Books. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7391-3553-2.
  9. ^ Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing ideology and the rise of Modern Chinese national identity in the early twentieth century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (3). Sage: 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  10. ^ Beeson, Mark (2008). Contemporary Southeast Asia. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-137-06880-4.
  11. ^ https://www.zdic.net/hans/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA Archived 27 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine 生息、繁衍,居住在中国的本地人或者海外有中国血统的侨胞 Local people who live, reproduce, reside in China, or Chinese nationals of Chinese descent living overseas.
  12. ^ https://cwn.ling.sinica.edu.tw/_process.asp?inputword=%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4H&radiobutton=1 Archived 1 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine 普通名詞。中華民族的族人或中國大陸的人民。 noun, ethnic groups of Zhonghua Minzu, or people of China
  13. ^ Hui-Ching Chang; Richard Holt (20 November 2014). Language, Politics and Identity in Taiwan: Naming China. Routledge. pp. 162–64. ISBN 978-1-135-04635-4. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
  14. ^ "Chinese". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (Tenth ed.). Merriam-Webster. 1993.
  15. ^ "Brief Introduction Chinese nationality". Chinatraveldepot.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  16. ^ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3.
  17. ^ Jenner, W.J.F. (2004). "Race and history in China". In Alan Lawrance (ed.). China Since 1919: Revolution and Reform: a Sourcebook. Psychology Press. pp. 252–255. ISBN 978-0-415-25141-9. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  18. ^ CIA Factbook Archived 13 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,379 billion (July 2017 est.)
  19. ^ 中華民國國情簡介 [ROC Vital Information]. Executive Yuan (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2016. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2016. 臺灣住民以漢人為最大族群，約占總人口97%
  20. ^ Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (2014). The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 (PDF). Government Information Office. p. 36. ISBN 978-986-04-2302-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  21. ^ Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (22 February 2007). "Genetic Studies of Human Diversity in East Asia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1482): 987–996. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2028. PMC 2435565. PMID 17317646.
  22. ^ Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015). "Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago". PLOS One. 10 (5) e0125676. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025676Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125676. PMC 4418768. PMID 25938511.
  23. ^ Who are the Chinese people? Archived 6 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in Chinese). Huayuqiao.org. Retrieved on 26 April 2013.
  24. ^ "Han". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (Tenth ed.). Merriam-Webster. 1993.
  25. ^ Yang, Miaoyan (2017). Learning to Be Tibetan: The Construction of Ethnic Identity at Minzu. Lexington Books (published 17 March 2017). p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4985-4463-4.
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