Bundeli language
| Bundeli | |
|---|---|
| बुन्देली | |
The word "Bundeli" written in Devanagari script | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Bundelkhand |
Native speakers | 5.6 million (2011)[1] Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi. |
| Devanagari | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Martinique |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bns |
| Glottolog | bund1253 |
Bundeli (Devanagari: बुन्देली/बुंदेली) or Bundelkhandi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bundelkhand region of central India. It belongs to the Central Indo-Aryan languages and is part of the Western Hindi subgroup.
Classification
A descendant of the Sauraseni Apabhramsha language, Bundeli was classified under Western Hindi by George Abraham Grierson in his Linguistic Survey of India.[2] Bundeli is also closely related to Braj Bhasha, which was the foremost literary language in north-central India until the nineteenth century.
Like many other Indo-Aryan languages, Bundeli has often been subject to a designation as a dialect, instead of a language. Furthermore, as is the case with other Hindi languages, Bundeli speakers have been conflated with those of Standard Hindi in censuses.
Grierson divided Bundeli into four dialect groups:[3]
- Standard Bundeli, Bundeli, language of Tikamgarh, Lalitpur, Mahoba etc.
- Northeaster Bundeli (closely related to Bagheli)
- Northwester Bundeli (similar to Braj Bhasha)
- Southern Bundeli (mixed or broken Bundeli with slight influences from Marathi)
Geographical distribution
The Bundelkhand region comprises regions of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Bundeli is spoken in the Gwalior, Ashoknagar, Morena, Bhind, Datia, Shivpuri, Guna, Chanderi, Orrchha, Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Chitrakoot, Mahoba, Chhatarpur, Panna, Tikamgarh, Sagar, Damoh, Niwari districts.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | ts | ʈ | k | ||
| voiceless aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | tsʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||
| voiced | b | d̪ | dz | ɖ | ɡ | |||
| voiced aspirated | bʱ | d̪ʱ | dzʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | |||
| Fricative | s | ɦ | ||||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l | j | |||||
Grammar
Sanskrit final, initial, and surplus medial vowels are frequently lost in ways much common to Hindi.[4]: 45
Nouns
Two genders – masculine and feminine – are taken by all nouns in Bundeli, indiscriminate of their animacy.[4]: 74 Masculine nouns tend to take the a-declension, as do feminine ones, but feminine nouns exhibit more variation in termination, with a number of ī-nouns existing. Masculines also take ē- and ō- declensions "not very rarely". Masculine nouns converted to feminines take the terminations -(ā)ni, -na, -iyā.
The numbers are singular and plural alone.
Pronouns
Informal forms of address predominate among speakers of Bundelkhandi, owing to their rural location and their use of Hindi forms in formal speech.[4]: 76 The first person pronoun is declined below in a table.
| First-person singular | First-person plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nom. | maī, hama | hama |
| Agentive | maīnē | hamanē (in ergative past tense exclusively) |
| Obl. | mō- | hama- (with postposition); hamārē (dat.) |
| Gen. and possessive | mōrō (masc. sing.), mōrē (masc. pl.), mōrī (fem.) | hamār- (declined for gender as mōr-) |
History
Early examples of Bundelkhandi literature are the verses of the Alha-Khand epic. It is still preserved by bards in the Banaphari region. The epic is about heroes who lived in the 12th century CE. Formal literary works in Bundeli dates from the reign of Emperor Akbar. Notable figures are the poet Kesab Das of the 16th century, while Padmakar Bhatt and Prajnes wrote several works during the 19th century. Prannath and Lal Kabi, produced many works in Bundeli language at the court of Chhatrasal of Panna.[5]
References
- ^ "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 29 June 2018.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ^ Grierson, George A. Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX . Indo-Aryan family. Central group. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India.
- ^ a b c Jaiswal, M. P. (1962). A Linguistic Study of Bundeli (PDF). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- ^ "LSI Vol-9 part-1". dsal. p. 89.
Bibliography
- Boehm, Ed (2015). A Sociolinguistic Profile of Bundeli (PDF). SIL International.