Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict

Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict refers to a series of ongoing disputes, border incidents, and armed clashes between the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The conflict is rooted in longstanding disagreements over the Durand Line, as well as mutual accusations of supporting militant groups operating across the border.[1][2]

History

The two countries share a roughly 2,600-kilometre border, much of which remains disputed, contributing to recurring tensions and violence.[3]

Since the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan in 2021, relations have deteriorated, with Pakistan accusing Afghanistan of harbouring militants such as the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), while Afghan authorities deny these claims.[4]

The situation escalated significantly in October 2025, when cross-border clashes followed Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan, leading to casualties on both sides and temporary ceasefire negotiations.[5][6]

Further escalation occurred in 2026, when both sides conducted cross-border strikes and military operations following renewed violence and militant activity along the border.[7]

Main events

Background

The origins of the conflict lie in the disputed Durand Line, established in 1893 between Afghanistan and British India. Afghanistan has historically refused to recognize the border as permanent, contributing to tensions.[8]

Militant activity in the border region has also been a key factor. Pakistan has repeatedly accused Afghanistan of allowing TTP militants to operate from its territory, while Afghanistan has accused Pakistan of violating its sovereignty through cross-border strikes.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  2. ^ "Heavy clashes erupt along Pakistan-Afghanistan border". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  3. ^ "Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  4. ^ "Pakistan says Afghanistan talks deadlocked after deadly border clashes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  5. ^ "Armed clashes between Afghanistan and Pakistan: sides conclude immediate truce in Doha". UNN (citing Reuters). Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  6. ^ "Dozens killed in Pakistan-Afghanistan border clashes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  7. ^ "Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  8. ^ "Afghanistan-Pakistan Conflict". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  9. ^ "Heavy clashes erupt along Pakistan-Afghanistan border". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
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